Patient education, evidence-graded

Exercise protocol — loaded walking

Rucking (loaded walking) for cardio, bone, and strength

Rucking — weighted-backpack walking for cardiovascular fitness, bone loading, and posterior-chain strength in AU general practice.

Exercise protocol — high-intensity interval training

VO2max interval training: Norwegian 4x4, Tabata, and 10-20-30

High-intensity interval training to raise VO2max — Norwegian 4x4, Tabata, and 10-20-30 protocols with AU clinical screening guidance.

Essential hypertension — lifestyle management

Isometric handgrip training for blood pressure: the GP guide

How to prescribe isometric handgrip training for blood pressure in Australian general practice — standard protocol, MBS billing, and safety checks.

Cardiovascular risk reduction and lifestyle medicine

Finnish sauna protocol: evidence and AU general practice guide

Finnish sauna protocol — cardiovascular and dementia risk reduction from the KIHD cohort, safety rules, and Australian access.

Physical inactivity — exercise prescription

Walking as medicine: step targets, cadence, and the 10,000-step myth

Evidence-based daily step targets by age, why cadence matters alongside step volume, and how to prescribe walking in Australian general practice.

Cervical artery dissection

Cervical artery dissection: neck pain, Horner syndrome, and younger-adult stroke

Cervical artery dissection causes 15–25% of strokes under age 50 — how to recognise it, when to send to ED, and what treatment involves.

Cardiovascular health and metabolic fitness

Zone 2 cardio: the conversational-pace exercise that builds metabolic health

Zone 2 cardio (below the lactate threshold) is the highest-yield aerobic exercise for metabolic health and cardiovascular fitness. Here is how to do it.

Renal artery stenosis

Renal artery stenosis: atherosclerotic versus fibromuscular dysplasia

Renal artery stenosis — atherosclerotic versus FMD, when to suspect it, how to investigate, and why stenting rarely helps atherosclerotic disease.

Cardiac arrest

Cardiac arrest: BLS, ALS, and the GP's role in Australia

How to respond to cardiac arrest using DRSABCD, when the AED makes the difference, and the GP's role in clinic preparedness and secondary prevention.

Aortic dissection

Aortic dissection: recognising the tear that kills — the AU GP framework

Sudden tearing chest or back pain may be aortic dissection — a time-critical emergency. Recognise, transfer, and manage long-term.

Inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes

Inherited arrhythmia syndromes: long QT, Brugada, CPVT and ARVC

Long QT, Brugada, CPVT and ARVC — recognising red flags, cascade family screening, and the AU general practice role in inherited heart rhythm conditions.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: recognition, family screening, and GP management

HCM is the most common monogenic cardiac disease. How Australian GPs recognise it, coordinate family screening, and manage obstructive symptoms.

Infective endocarditis

Infective endocarditis: recognition, prophylaxis, and the GP role

When fever meets a heart murmur — the GP approach to recognising IE, taking blood cultures before antibiotics, prophylaxis rules, and urgent referral.

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)

POTS (postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome): diagnosis and management

POTS causes dizziness, fatigue and racing heart on standing, predominantly in young women. AU general practice diagnostic guide and management overview.

Atherosclerotic carotid stenosis

Carotid stenosis: stroke risk, medical therapy, and when surgery helps

Carotid stenosis — what it is, how your GP assesses and manages it, when surgery is beneficial, and AU secondary prevention.

Postural (orthostatic) hypotension

Postural hypotension: dizziness on standing, falls, and GP management

Postural (orthostatic) hypotension — why it happens, how your GP measures it, the medication review that matters most, and what helps.

Cardiac murmur evaluation

Heart murmur evaluation: innocent or pathological in Australian general practice

How to classify a heart murmur by timing and grade, separate innocent from pathological, and decide who needs an echocardiogram in Australian general practice.

Pericarditis and myocarditis

Pericarditis and myocarditis: recognition and GP management

Sharp chest pain after a viral illness, ECG changes, and troponin — the AU general practice approach to pericarditis and myocarditis.

Chronic venous insufficiency

Chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins: the AU GP approach

Varicose veins and leg oedema from CVI — CEAP staging, ABI check before compression, and when to refer for endovenous ablation in AU general practice.

Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary embolism: risk-stratify, anticoagulate, escalate — the AU GP approach

Pulmonary embolism — how to risk-stratify with Wells score and D-dimer, when to call 000, and which DOAC to start in Australian general practice.

Syncope

Syncope: classify the mechanism, exclude cardiac causes, counsel on driving

Syncope: classify vasovagal vs cardiac causes, recognise red flags, manage orthostatic hypotension and POTS, and document Austroads driving restrictions.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Aortic aneurysm: AU screening, surveillance and repair thresholds

Aortic aneurysm — who needs a one-time ultrasound screen, surveillance intervals, when repair is indicated, and optimal medical therapy in AU general practice.

Undifferentiated chest pain

Chest pain workup in general practice: ruling out the killers

How GPs approach undifferentiated chest pain — ruling out ACS, dissection, PE, and pneumothorax with the HEART score and serial high-sensitivity troponin.

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: aspirin, BP targets, and postnatal care

Pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension — risk stratification, aspirin prophylaxis, BP management, and long-term cardiovascular follow-up.

Supraventricular tachycardia and palpitations

SVT and palpitations: diagnosis, acute management, and when to ablate

Palpitations in general practice — distinguishing benign causes from SVT, the modified Valsalva, adenosine, and catheter ablation as a curative option.

TIA and secondary stroke prevention

TIA & secondary stroke prevention: the AU general practice framework

TIA — why it is a stroke emergency, the 21-day dual antiplatelet regimen, and the prevention bundle that cuts recurrence by up to 80%.

Valvular heart disease

Valvular heart disease: murmur evaluation, aortic stenosis, and GP role

How to evaluate a heart murmur, when to echo, intervention thresholds for AS and MR, TAVR, and modern endocarditis prophylaxis — the AU GP framework.

Statin intolerance / statin-associated muscle symptoms

Statin intolerance (SAMS): the AU general practice rechallenge approach

Statin-associated muscle symptoms — nocebo evidence (SAMSON/StatinWISE), rechallenge protocol, PBS ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors, rhabdomyolysis red flag.

Chronic heart failure

Chronic heart failure: four-pillar GDMT approach in Australian general practice

Chronic heart failure — how GPs diagnose HFrEF vs HFpEF, the four-pillar drug strategy, PBS access, and when to escalate in Australia.

Venous thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism (DVT and PE): the Australian GP framework

Wells scoring, D-dimer, DOAC choice, anticoagulation duration and special populations — VTE management for Australian general practice.

Ischaemic heart disease / stable angina / ACS

Ischaemic heart disease and stable angina: the AU GP approach

Ischaemic heart disease in Australian general practice — diagnosis, antianginal therapy, secondary prevention, and when to call 000.

Dyslipidaemia

Dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular risk: the AU general practice approach

Cholesterol management in Australian general practice — absolute CVD risk, when to start statins, familial hypercholesterolaemia, and treatment targets.

Peripheral arterial disease

Peripheral arterial disease: the AU general practice approach

Peripheral arterial disease — how to diagnose with the ankle-brachial index, prevent cardiovascular events, manage claudication, and when to refer urgently.

Chronic heart failure

Heart failure: the four-pillar approach and what SGLT2 inhibitors changed

Heart failure — HFrEF vs HFpEF, the four-pillar therapy, SGLT2 inhibitors across the spectrum, and the AU general-practice pathway.

Atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation: stroke prevention first, symptom control second

Atrial fibrillation — anticoagulation eligibility (CHA₂DS₂-VA), DOACs vs warfarin, rate vs rhythm control, and the AU primary-care pathway.

Breath work and autonomic regulation

Breath work: what slow-breathing trials show for BP, anxiety, and HRV

Breath work — what slow-breathing trials show for blood pressure, anxiety, and heart-rate variability, and where it fits in AU general practice.

Stroke prevention

Stroke risk in Australia: what the modifiable risk factors actually change

Stroke risk in Australia — modifiable risk factors, the AU absolute risk calculator, and how Australian general practice manages prevention.

Hypertension

High blood pressure (hypertension): what the evidence actually says

Plain-English guide to high blood pressure, from an AU integrative GP. Diagnosis thresholds, why targets matter, lifestyle first, what your GP will likely do.

Lifestyle protocol — breathwork and cold exposure

Wim Hof Method — breath cycles, cold exposure, and clinical safety

The Wim Hof Method — cyclic hyperventilation, breath-hold, and cold exposure: what the evidence shows, who it suits, and the non-negotiable safety rules.

Chronic aspiration and recurrent aspiration pneumonia

Chronic aspiration and aspiration pneumonia: the AU general practice approach

Chronic aspiration — causes, swallowing assessment, oral hygiene evidence, antibiotic treatment per eTG, and when tube feeding is appropriate.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: when your lungs react to your environment

HP — why birds and mould trigger lung disease, how non-fibrotic and fibrotic types differ, and the AU general practice diagnosis and treatment pathway.

Pleural effusion

Pleural effusion workup: Light's criteria and malignant effusion management

Pleural effusion workup using Light's criteria to separate transudates from exudates, plus malignant effusion management with IPC and talc pleurodesis.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: AU general practice guide

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) — Pi phenotypes, who to screen, diagnosis, smoking cessation as the core intervention, and the AU treatment pathway.

Nicotine dependence

Nicotine cessation: the 12-week structured GP protocol

RACGP 2024-anchored 12-week nicotine-cessation protocol for GP: pharmacotherapy choice, PBS codes, Quitline, ATSI and pregnancy pathways.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: recognition and AU general-practice care

IPF is a chronic fibrosing lung disease with 3–5 year median survival without treatment. Pirfenidone and nintedanib slow decline by ~50% and are PBS-listed.

Cystic fibrosis (adult)

Cystic fibrosis in adults: shared care in Australian general practice

How GPs manage adult CF alongside specialist centres — CFTR modulators, CF-related diabetes, pulmonary exacerbations, bone health, and family planning.

Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis: recognising and managing a multisystem granulomatous disease

Sarcoidosis in Australian general practice — diagnosis, staging, treatment, and urgent red flags including cardiac and neurological involvement.

Viral wheeze and pre-school asthma

Viral wheeze in pre-schoolers: the AU general practice approach

Pre-school viral wheeze — episodic versus multi-trigger phenotypes, salbutamol dosing, steroid evidence, and montelukast warning.

Paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea

Paediatric sleep apnoea: snoring, adenotonsillectomy and the AU GP approach

Paediatric OSA — when snoring needs investigating, how AU GPs work up and refer, adenotonsillectomy evidence, and what parents need to know.

Pleural effusion

Pleural effusion: Light's criteria, diagnosis, and management

Pleural effusion in Australian practice: applying Light's criteria, when to drain, and the mesothelioma compensation pathway for asbestos-related disease.

Pneumothorax

Pneumothorax: collapsed lung — recognition, management and AU guidelines

Pneumothorax — types, recognition, conservative vs active management (PSP-1 trial), needle decompression and the AU general practice pathway.

Pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension: five groups, targeted therapies and AU pathway

Pulmonary hypertension — five WSPH clinical groups, why group misidentification is dangerous, AU treatment pathway, PBS Section 100 and CTEPH surgery at RPA.

Pulmonary Nodule

Pulmonary Nodule: Size, Type, and When You Need Follow-Up

Most lung nodules found on CT are benign, but size, solid vs sub-solid type, and smoking history determine whether you need repeat scans or specialist referral.

Occupational lung disease (silicosis, asbestosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis)

Occupational lung disease: silicosis, asbestos and hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Silicosis, asbestos-related disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and occupational asthma — recognition, workup, workers compensation, and AU GP management.

Bronchiolitis and croup

Bronchiolitis and croup: the AU general-practice approach

Bronchiolitis and croup — two common viral paediatric airway syndromes: when to manage supportively, when to escalate, and how RSV prevention has changed.

Bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis: the AU general practice approach to chronic lung damage

Chronic productive cough, recurrent chest infections, and breathlessness — how bronchiectasis is diagnosed and managed in Australian general practice.

Lung cancer (primary malignancy of the bronchus and lung)

Lung cancer: recognition, NLCSP screening and the GP's role in AU practice

Lung cancer — early recognition, NLCSP screening from 1 July 2025, the urgent 2-week referral pathway, and why no GP visit with a smoker should miss cessation.

Acute bronchitis and post-viral cough

Acute bronchitis and post-viral cough: why antibiotics don't help and what does

Acute bronchitis is almost always viral. AU general practice: symptom care, antibiotic stewardship, red-flag recognition, post-viral cough management.

Asthma–COPD overlap

Asthma–COPD overlap: recognising the mixed airway phenotype in general practice

Asthma–COPD overlap (ACO): airflow limitation with features of both. ICS-LABA first-line; never withhold corticosteroids when asthma features are present.

Influenza and COVID-19

Influenza and COVID-19: antiviral windows and the AU general practice approach

Influenza and COVID-19 — who benefits from antivirals, the drug interaction risks of Paxlovid, long COVID, and AU general practice management.

Upper respiratory tract infections

Upper respiratory tract infections: the AU antimicrobial stewardship approach

URTI — why antibiotics are rarely needed, when they are (GAS pharyngitis, ARF risk), and the AU general practice framework.

Stress and anxiety (self-management)

Breathing techniques: what the evidence shows, and when to use which

A GP's evidence review of guided breathing — coherent, 4-7-8, box, physiological sigh, extended exhale: how they work, what trials show, and when to use each.

Community-acquired pneumonia

Community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis and treatment for Australian GPs

CAP severity assessment (CORB), empirical antibiotics, 6-week follow-up CXR, and vaccination — the eTG framework for Australian general practice.

Obstructive sleep apnoea

Obstructive sleep apnoea: diagnosis, CPAP, and the Australian GP approach

Obstructive sleep apnoea — STOP-BANG screening, home sleep study vs polysomnography, CPAP, mandibular devices, weight loss, and Austroads driving rules.

Allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis (hay fever): the Australian general practice guide

Hay fever affects 1 in 5 Australians. Nasal corticosteroid sprays beat antihistamines for persistent symptoms. AU steps, PBS, and when immunotherapy helps.

Chronic cough

Chronic cough: causes, investigations, and treatment in AU general practice

Chronic cough — the three main causes, empirical treatment approach, red flags requiring urgent investigation, and how refractory cough is managed.

Asthma

Asthma: what AU general practice does in 2026 (and why blue puffers changed)

Asthma management — Australian Asthma Handbook framework, why SABA-only is gone, ICS-formoterol single-inhaler, severe-asthma biologics.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COPD: smoking cessation, pulmonary rehab, and the AU primary-care framework

COPD — diagnosis, why smoking cessation matters most, inhaler escalation, pulmonary rehab, and the AU GP pathway under COPD-X.

Time-restricted eating — protocol for obesity and metabolic syndrome

Time-restricted eating: 12:12 → 14:10 → 16:8 — AU GP dosing protocol

Time-restricted eating dosing (12:12 → 14:10 → 16:8), evidence appraisal, contraindications, and the AU general practice clinical framework.

Sarcopenia / muscle mass optimisation — post-exercise nutrition protocol

Post-workout nutrition and protein timing — what the evidence says

The anabolic window myth, protein timing, creatine dosing, and practical post-exercise nutrition for muscle building and recovery in Australian adults.

Prolonged fasting — safety protocol and refeeding syndrome prevention

Prolonged fasting: safety, refeeding syndrome, and GP screening

GP safety guide to 3–7 day prolonged fasting — absolute contraindications, refeeding syndrome risk, and the Australian management pathway.

Carcinoid syndrome and neuroendocrine tumours

Neuroendocrine tumours and carcinoid syndrome: the AU general practice approach

Neuroendocrine tumours — prevalence, carcinoid syndrome recognition, 5-HIAA and DOTATATE imaging, somatostatin analogues, and when to refer.

Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: the must-not-miss catecholamine tumour

PPGL — catecholamine tumours causing episodic hypertension, sweating, palpitations. Plasma metanephrines screening, alpha-blockade, and genetic testing.

Hypoparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism: calcium replacement, monitoring, and the AU GP approach

Hypoparathyroidism — why post-surgical cases dominate in AU, how to titrate calcitriol and calcium, when to escalate, and the emergency of acute hypocalcaemia.

Galactorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia

Galactorrhoea and high prolactin: the AU general practice workup

Galactorrhoea — how to distinguish it from pathological discharge, the prolactin workup, when to image the pituitary, and cabergoline.

Magnesium deficiency and supplementation

Magnesium supplements — glycinate, citrate, threonate, oxide and the evidence

Magnesium variants compared — glycinate, L-threonate, citrate, oxide. Who benefits, which form to choose, what the evidence actually shows, and what to avoid.

Primary hyperaldosteronism

Primary hyperaldosteronism: screening, diagnosis, and GP management

Primary hyperaldosteronism: found in 14% of AU hypertensives, screened in under 1%. The GP pathway from aldosterone-renin ratio testing to treatment.

Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state

DKA and HHS: when diabetes becomes a medical emergency

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) — the warning signs, what to do, and how GP care supports recovery.

Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy

Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy: What to Expect in Australia

Gender-affirming hormone therapy in Australia — informed-consent model, feminising and masculinising regimens, monitoring schedule, and PBS access.

Cushing syndrome

Cushing syndrome: recognising cortisol excess in general practice

Cushing syndrome — when to screen, how to test, what the causes are, and the AU general practice role in detection and follow-up.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes — the AU general practice approach

Type 2 diabetes in Australia — how it's diagnosed, which medicines protect the heart and kidneys, annual monitoring targets, and when to escalate.

Hyperprolactinaemia

Hyperprolactinaemia: causes, workup, and treatment in AU general practice

Elevated prolactin from medication, thyroid, or pituitary adenoma — the GP workup, when cabergoline is first-line, and the pituitary incidentaloma pathway.

Acid-base disturbance

Acid-base disturbances: a practical guide for patients and carers

What it means when your blood is too acidic or too alkaline, why it happens, when it is an emergency, and what general practice and hospital teams do about it.

Hypoglycaemia

Hypoglycaemia: recognising low blood glucose — AU general practice guide

Low blood glucose causes sweating and confusion and can progress to coma. Understand the 15-g rule, glucagon, CGM, and the Australian GP framework.

Hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism

Hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism: the GP approach

High calcium on a blood test: what it means, how to investigate in Australian general practice, when surgery is needed, and managing acute hypercalcaemia.

Sodium disorders (hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia)

Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia: the AU general practice management guide

Sodium disorders — hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia diagnostic framework, ODS prevention, drug causes, and cautious correction — AU GP electrolyte guide.

Adrenal insufficiency

Adrenal insufficiency and steroid sick-day rules: AU general practice guide

Adrenal insufficiency — Addison's disease, iatrogenic steroid-induced AI, sick-day rules, emergency hydrocortisone kit, and the AU general practice pathway.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Type 1 diabetes: shared care, CGM, and annual review in AU general practice

The GP's role in type 1 diabetes shared care — annual complication screening, NDSS-subsidised CGM, driving requirements, and sick day planning.

Hereditary haemochromatosis

Hereditary haemochromatosis: diagnosis, venesection, and cascade testing

Hereditary haemochromatosis — iron studies, HFE genotyping, therapeutic venesection via Lifeblood, and family cascade testing in Australian general practice.

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes: screening, glucose targets, treatment, and postnatal care

Gestational diabetes: ~15% of AU pregnancies. OGTT screening, glucose targets, nutrition therapy, metformin or insulin, and essential postpartum follow-up.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

MASLD (fatty liver disease): the Australian general practice approach

MASLD (fatty liver disease): FIB-4 fibrosis staging, weight loss targets, lifestyle management, and hepatologist referral thresholds for GPs.

Menopause / perimenopause

What the WHI study actually showed about HRT and breast cancer

What the 2002 WHI trial actually showed about HRT, breast cancer and heart risk — a forensic, absolute-risk, plain-English read of the evidence.

Obesity and metabolic syndrome

Obesity and metabolic syndrome: the AU general practice approach

Obesity — a chronic relapsing disease. AU guide to diagnosis, GLP-1 RA, bariatric surgery, and metabolic syndrome in general practice.

Hyperthyroidism and thyroid nodule

Hyperthyroidism and thyroid nodule: the Australian GP guide

Hyperthyroidism — Graves' disease, toxic nodular goitre, thyroiditis — diagnosis, carbimazole, radioactive iodine, thyroid nodule TIRADS evaluation.

Perimenopause cognitive symptoms

Perimenopause and the brain: what actually changes, and what helps

Perimenopause brain fog — what actually changes in the brain, why bloods miss it, and the ROI-ordered AU general-practice approach to what helps.

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the AU general practice approach

PCOS — diagnosis using Rotterdam criteria, management of hyperandrogenism, metabolic risk, and fertility using the Australian evidence-based approach.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism: TSH, levothyroxine, and the grey zone in between

Hypothyroidism — what TSH means, when subclinical disease is treated, how levothyroxine is dosed, and what to do if symptoms persist.

Menopause / perimenopause

Menopause and perimenopause: the modern AU general-practice framework

Menopause and perimenopause — what changes, when MHT is appropriate, non-hormonal options, and the AU general-practice pathway.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes: what AU general practice actually does in 2026

Type 2 diabetes — diagnosis, AU GP management framework, second-line agents (SGLT2i, GLP-1 RA), and what lifestyle change actually changes.

Metabolic syndrome and weight management — dietary timing

Intermittent fasting: what trials show for weight, glucose, and metabolic risk

Intermittent fasting — what the trials show on weight, glucose, lipids and blood pressure, and how AU general practice weighs it for who and when.

Stress-related fatigue and burnout

Rhodiola rosea: evidence evaluation for Australian general practice

What the trial evidence shows for rhodiola in stress-related fatigue, mild depression, and cognition — safety profile, TGA regulation, and clinical placement.

Anxiety — physiological sigh protocol

Physiological sigh: the breath technique for acute anxiety and daily mood

Cyclic sighing — double nasal inhale plus extended exhale — acutely reduces anxiety and improves mood when practised 5 minutes daily. AU general practice guide.

Temperature-extreme emergencies

Heat illness, hypothermia and frostbite: the AU general practice approach

Heatstroke recognition and cooling, hypothermia Swiss staging, frostbite rewarming — Australian GP framework for temperature-extreme emergencies.

Anxiety and mood disorders — behavioural adjunct

Meditation for mental health: a dosing guide for general practice

MBSR, MBCT, and app-based mindfulness as adjuncts for anxiety, depression, and stress in Australian general practice — evidence, dosing, and prescribing.

HRV biofeedback — anxiety, hypertension, PTSD self-regulation

HRV biofeedback training: the GP prescribing guide

How HRV biofeedback works, who benefits, how to prescribe it, and where it fits alongside medication for anxiety, hypertension, and PTSD.

Mental health self-management — structured journaling protocols

Structured journaling for mental health: what the evidence shows

Expressive writing, gratitude journaling, morning pages, and CBT thought records — evidence, dose, safety, and when to use each in Australian general practice.

Factitious disorder

Factitious disorder: recognition and AU general practice management

Factitious disorder — recognition, mandatory FDIA reporting, and non-confrontational GP management in Australian practice.

Athlete and sport mental health

Sport and athlete mental health: the AU general practice approach

Why athletes aren't immune to mental health conditions — SMHAT-1 screening, AU treatment pathways, WADA-safe prescribing, and Sport Integrity Australia TUE.

Anxiety and stress — structured breathing protocols

Box breathing, 4-7-8 and 6-BPM resonant breathing — the GP guide

Three evidence-based slow-breathing protocols for anxiety, hypertension, insomnia and stress — how each works, when to prescribe them, and AU access.

Athletes' mental health

Athletes' mental health: the AU general practice framework

Mental health in elite and recreational athletes — SMHAT-1 screening, REDs work-up, WADA-aware prescribing, MBS pathways and the AIS referral network.

Body dysmorphic disorder

Body dysmorphic disorder: GP guide to diagnosis, treatment, and BDDQ screening

Body dysmorphic disorder — recognition in general practice, CBT-BDD + high-dose SSRI treatment, and the AHPRA-required cosmetic-procedure screen.

Trichotillomania and body-focused repetitive behaviours

Trichotillomania and skin-picking: GP guide to recognition and habit reversal

Trichotillomania and excoriation disorder — recognising BFRBs in general practice, habit reversal training first-line, and when pharmacotherapy helps.

Dissociative disorders (DID, DPDR, dissociative amnesia)

Dissociative disorders: AU GP guide to recognition and referral

Recognising DID, DPDR, and dissociative amnesia in general practice — screening, organic exclusion, and AU referral pathways.

Hoarding disorder

Hoarding disorder: CBT-Hoarding first-line — the AU GP guide

Hoarding disorder — why CBT-Hoarding is first-line, why forced clearing backfires, safety red flags, and comorbidities to screen for.

Behavioural addictions

Gambling, gaming, and behavioural addictions — the AU general-practice approach

How Australian GPs identify and manage gambling disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour — CBT, naltrexone, and BetStop.

Hazardous alcohol use

Alcohol abstinence trial: the AU general practice approach to a structured reset

How a GP-supervised alcohol abstinence trial works — who it is for, preparation steps, three-variant dosing, and the AU evidence base for hazardous drinkers.

Functional neurological disorder (FND / conversion disorder)

Functional neurological disorder: GP diagnosis and management

FND — positive signs, delivering the diagnosis, physiotherapy, CBT for PNES, what to avoid, and AU general practice pathways.

Lithium monitoring

Lithium monitoring: GP guide to safe prescribing and shared care

How to monitor lithium safely in general practice: trough timing, monitoring schedule, toxicity recognition, drug interactions, and long-term complications.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders

OCD and body-focused repetitive disorders — the AU GP approach

OCD recognition, CBT-ERP first-line, high-dose SSRIs, body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, skin picking, and AU referral pathways in general practice.

Gender dysphoria

Gender dysphoria: GP role in affirmative care and Australian pathways

Gender dysphoria: Australian GP role in affirming care, hormone prescribing, adolescent referral pathways, and AusPATH 2022 / WPATH SOC8 guidance.

Opioid, sedative and tobacco use disorders

Opioid, sedative and tobacco use disorders: the AU general practice approach

Opioid agonist treatment, benzodiazepine tapering, nicotine pharmacotherapy and naloxone — managing substance use disorders in Australian general practice.

Carer burden

Carer burden: recognising burnout and finding support in Australia

Carer burnout affects 1 in 10 Australians. This guide covers warning signs, AU support services, financial entitlements, and when to talk to your GP.

Late-life depression

Late-life depression: recognising atypical presentations in older adults

Depression in older Australians — why it presents differently, how to screen, which antidepressants are safe, and when ECT is the right choice.

Personality disorders

Personality disorders: recognition and shared care in AU general practice

Personality disorders — BPD recognition, psychotherapy, GP shared care, safety planning, and avoiding iatrogenic harm in Australian general practice.

Somatic symptom and functional disorders

Somatic and functional disorders: the AU general practice approach

Somatic symptom disorder, functional neurological disorder, and functional somatic syndromes — positive diagnosis, communication, and avoiding iatrogenic harm.

First-episode psychosis

Psychosis recognition and early intervention: the AU general practice approach

First-episode psychosis in Australia — how GPs recognise it early, what the workup includes, and how to connect people to early intervention services.

Prolonged grief disorder

Grief and bereavement: normal grief, prolonged grief disorder, and AU GP care

How Australian GPs support bereaved patients, recognise prolonged grief disorder, and apply Complicated Grief Therapy and appropriate medication.

Adolescent major depressive disorder

Adolescent depression: AU general practice assessment and treatment

Depression in young Australians aged 12–25 — how to assess it, what treatments work, when medication is appropriate, and the GP's role in safety planning.

ADHD in females

ADHD in girls and women: recognition and management in AU general practice

ADHD in females — why diagnosis is delayed, hormonal modulation, the AADPA 2022 pathway, Schedule 8 stimulants, and comorbidities.

Adjustment disorder / Acute stress disorder

Adjustment disorder and acute stress: the Australian general practice approach

Adjustment disorder and acute stress disorder in Australian GP — diagnosis, psychological first-line approaches, safety-netting, and when to refer.

Hazardous alcohol use

Alcohol brief intervention: AUDIT-C screening in Australian general practice

How Australian GPs screen for hazardous drinking and deliver a brief intervention — among the highest-yield preventive activities in general practice.

Burnout and workplace mental health

Burnout and workplace mental health: the Australian GP approach

Burnout — exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced efficacy from chronic workplace stress — and how Australian GPs assess, certify, refer, and support recovery.

Suicidal ideation and behaviour

Suicidal ideation and safety planning in Australian general practice

Structured assessment, Safety Planning Intervention, means restriction, and AU management pathways for suicidality in general practice.

Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder)

Eating disorders: anorexia, bulimia, BED — AU general practice guide

Eating disorders in Australian general practice — types, SCOFF screen, MBS Eating Disorder Plan, evidence-based therapies, medications, and when to escalate.

Postnatal depression

Postnatal depression: AU general practice assessment and management

Postnatal depression affects 10–16% of Australian mothers. How to screen, diagnose, and manage safely — including SSRI choice in breastfeeding and red flags.

Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder

Generalised anxiety and panic disorder: AU general practice approach

How Australian GPs assess and manage GAD and panic disorder — CBT pathways, SSRI selection, avoiding benzodiazepine dependence, and when to escalate.

Major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder: diagnosis and treatment in AU general practice

How Australian GPs diagnose and manage MDD — PHQ-9, stepped care, antidepressant selection, and the safety flags that change management.

Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder

PMS and PMDD: premenstrual syndrome in AU general practice

Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder — prospective symptom diary, SSRI and drospirenone COC options, and how to manage in general practice.

Perinatal mental health

Perinatal mental health: EPDS screening, sertraline, and postpartum psychosis

Perinatal depression, anxiety, and postpartum psychosis — EPDS screening, sertraline in pregnancy and breastfeeding, PANDA referral, and MBS pathways.

Alcohol use disorder

Alcohol use disorder: the AU general practice approach

Alcohol use disorder — diagnosis, PBS-subsidised pharmacotherapy, withdrawal management, and the AU care pathway in general practice.

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder: recognition, lithium monitoring, and GP shared care

Bipolar disorder — MDQ screening, lithium as first-line maintenance, valproate restrictions, monitoring protocols, and GP shared care in Australia.

Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Adult ADHD: diagnosis and management in Australian general practice

Adult ADHD affects ~3–5% of Australians. How diagnosis, stimulant therapy, and GP shared care work — based on the AADPA 2022 guideline.

Post-traumatic stress disorder

PTSD: trauma-focused therapy first — the AU general practice approach

PTSD in Australia — trauma-focused therapy (CPT, PE, EMDR) is first-line. SSRIs as adjunct. GP entry via Mental Health Care Plan + Better Access.

Anxiety disorders

Anxiety disorders: CBT first, SSRIs when severity warrants — the AU GP pathway

Anxiety disorders — GAD, panic and phobic types, GAD-7 thresholds, CBT access, SSRIs, AU Mental Health Treatment Plan pathway, lifestyle inputs, escalation.

Major depressive disorder

Depression: psychotherapy, medication, and what your bloods can't tell you

Major depressive disorder — PHQ-9 thresholds, first-line psychotherapy, SSRIs, Mental Health Treatment Plan access, lifestyle evidence, caveats.

Mind-body interventions

Mind-body in chronic disease: placebo, expectation, and the contested zone

Mind-body interventions in chronic disease — placebo evidence, expectation effects, psychosomatic research, and where AU general practice sits.

Adverse childhood experiences and adult health

Childhood adversity and adult chronic disease: the ACE evidence and AU response

What the ACE study showed about childhood adversity and adult chronic disease, what's contested, and how AU general practice addresses it.

Chronic stress

Stress management: what the AU trial evidence actually supports

Non-pharmacological stress management — what the AU trial evidence supports, what doesn't, and how it fits into general practice chronic-disease prevention.

Meditation and mindfulness interventions

Meditation: what Cochrane and the major trials actually show

Meditation evidence — what Cochrane and the major trials show for blood pressure, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain, and how AU general practice uses it.

Depression and anxiety — dietary management

Diet and mental health: what the SMILES trial and follow-ups actually showed

Diet and mental health — what the SMILES trial showed, the Mediterranean pattern, and how AU general practice integrates diet into depression care.

Sleep wearables — clinical interpretation framework

Consumer sleep wearables: what to trust — the AU clinical framework

What consumer sleep wearables can and cannot tell you — which metrics to trust, orthosomnia risk, and the AU GP clinical framework for wearable data.

Seasonal affective disorder and circadian rhythm disorders

Morning bright-light therapy: timing, dose, and clinical use in general practice

Morning bright light for SAD, non-seasonal depression, delayed sleep phase, and circadian health — AU general practice dosing and device guide.

Insomnia, anxiety, and stress — non-pharmacological recovery

NSDR and yoga nidra: a 10–30 minute daily recovery protocol

Non-sleep deep rest and yoga nidra as adjuncts for insomnia, anxiety, and recovery — AU general practice guide to prescribing, dosing, and safe use.

Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder and insomnia

Evening dim-light and blue-block protocol: GP guide

Prescribing evening dim-light and amber-lens protocols for insomnia, DSPD, adolescent sleep, and bipolar relapse prevention in Australian general practice.

Chronotype mismatch and social jetlag

Chronotype and social jetlag: aligning your sleep schedule to your body clock

Why your sleep window is biologically set, how mismatch harms health, and the MEQ-based protocol GPs use to realign schedule and circadian biology.

Caffeine use — dosing, tolerance and cycling protocol

Caffeine cycling protocol — dosing, tolerance and sleep

How GPs advise patients on safe caffeine dosing, tolerance cycling, sleep cut-off timing, pharmacogenomic variation, and pregnancy limits in general practice.

Chronic insomnia disorder

Sleep restriction therapy: the behavioural fix for chronic insomnia

Sleep restriction therapy (SRT) is the most effective single ingredient of CBT-I. Here is how it works, how to do it, and when to stop.

Obstructive sleep apnoea — CPAP optimisation

CPAP not working? An AU guide to optimising sleep apnoea treatment

Practical troubleshooting for CPAP non-adherence — mask hierarchy, pressure settings, the SAVE trial, and the AU access pathway for obstructive sleep apnoea.

Narcolepsy and hypersomnolence disorders

Narcolepsy and hypersomnolence — diagnosis and management in AU general practice

Narcolepsy types 1 and 2 and idiopathic hypersomnia — how GPs recognise, investigate, and co-manage these chronic sleep-wake disorders in Australia.

Shift work disorder

Shift work disorder: managing sleep and health when you work nights

How shift work disrupts your body clock, the health risks involved, and what strategies actually help — the Australian general practice approach.

Restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease)

Restless legs syndrome: iron, gabapentinoids, and avoiding augmentation

Restless legs syndrome — the 2024 shift to gabapentinoids as first-line, iron repletion targets, recognising augmentation, and medications to avoid.

Chronic insomnia

Insomnia: CBT-I first, medication last — the AU general practice approach

Insomnia — why CBT-I is first-line, when medication is reasonable, what doesn't work, and the AU general practice pathway.

Peyronie's disease

Peyronie's disease: penile curvature, plaques, and the AU care pathway

Peyronie's disease — causes, the two clinical phases, what works and what doesn't, and the AU general practice and urology pathway.

Renal tubular acidosis

Renal tubular acidosis: types, causes, and the AU management approach

Renal tubular acidosis: types 1, 2, and 4 distinguished by potassium and urine pH, with causes and alkali therapy for AU general practice.

Balanitis and phimosis

Balanitis, phimosis and foreskin conditions: the AU general practice guide

Balanitis and phimosis — identifying candidal, bacterial, and lichen sclerosus causes, topical treatment, T2DM screening, and when to refer.

Kidney transplant in general practice

Kidney transplant in general practice: the AU GP approach

Kidney transplant shared care in Australian general practice — immunosuppression, cancer surveillance, drug interactions, and when to call the transplant unit.

Testicular and scrotal pain

Testicular and scrotal pain: torsion is the emergency, cancer is curable

Testicular and scrotal pain — torsion recognition (6-hour emergency), epididymo-orchitis treatment, testicular cancer signs, and the AU GP pathway.

Prostate adenocarcinoma

Prostate cancer staging, treatment, and GP survivorship care

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in Australian men. This article covers risk stratification, treatment options, and the GP's ongoing survivorship role.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

ADPKD: the most common hereditary kidney disease — the AU GP guide

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease — how it progresses, when tolvaptan helps, BP targets, complication red flags, and the Australian GP framework.

Male urinary incontinence

Male urinary incontinence: types, treatment, and the AU continence pathway

Male urinary incontinence in Australian general practice — classification, pelvic floor training, pharmacotherapy, and surgical options with AU billing.

Testicular cancer (germ cell tumour)

Testicular cancer: recognition and management in AU general practice

Testicular cancer — 860 AU cases/year, 97% cured. GP role: spot the lump, urgent ultrasound + markers, refer urology within 2 weeks, bank sperm first.

Hypokalaemia

Hypokalaemia: finding the cause and correcting it safely — the AU GP approach

Hypokalaemia (low potassium) — causes, severity-graded management, magnesium replacement, and the AU general practice approach to safe correction.

Hyperkalaemia; hypokalaemia

Potassium disorders — high and low potassium in Australian general practice

Hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia: causes, ECG red flags, severity grading, treatment, and the Australian GP management pathway.

Hyperkalaemia

Hyperkalaemia: recognising and managing high potassium in general practice

Hyperkalaemia — raised serum potassium — causes, severity grading, ECG red flags, and the AU general-practice management approach.

Nephrotic syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome: diagnosis, investigation, and GP management

Nephrotic syndrome: proteinuria, oedema, low albumin, hyperlipidaemia. GP role: confirm the tetrad, screen for causes, arrange renal biopsy, prevent thrombosis.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria and catheter-associated urinary tract infection

Asymptomatic bacteriuria and CAUTI: when not to treat a positive urine culture

Bacteriuria without symptoms should not be treated in most adults — what the evidence shows, the three exceptions, and the AU stewardship framework.

Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis: AU general practice recognition and referral

Understanding glomerulonephritis in general practice — nephritic and nephrotic syndromes, RPGN emergencies, GP-led investigation, and when to call nephrology.

Acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury: recognise, stop nephrotoxins, act fast

AKI — what triggers it, the drug combinations to avoid, when to call for help, and the AU general practice pathway for management and post-AKI follow-up.

Haematuria (blood in the urine)

Blood in the urine (haematuria): what it means and what tests you need

Seeing blood in your urine, even once, needs investigation. What causes haematuria, the tests your GP will order, and when to see a urologist in Australia.

Erectile dysfunction (ED)

Erectile dysfunction: what it means and how it's treated in Australia

ED affects about half of AU men aged 40-70 and is often an early warning sign of cardiovascular disease. How it's assessed and treated.

Nephrolithiasis / renal colic

Kidney stones: acute colic, passing the stone, and preventing the next one

Kidney stones — why NSAID beats opioid for pain, when CT KUB is essential, and how to prevent recurrence by stone type in AU general practice.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) / lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)

Enlarged prostate (BPH): symptoms, treatment, and when to see a GP

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) causes urinary symptoms in most men with age. How GPs assess, what treatments work, and when to seek help.

Urinary tract infection

UTI: uncomplicated vs complicated, treatment, and recurrent prevention — AU GP

Urinary tract infection in Australian general practice — antibiotic selection, asymptomatic bacteriuria, recurrent UTI prevention, and escalation.

Chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease: the four-pillar AU primary-care approach

Chronic kidney disease — what eGFR and UACR actually mean, the four-pillar evidence-led treatment framework, and the AU GP pathway.

Carbohydrate intolerance (lactose, fructose, FODMAP)

Lactose, fructose, and FODMAP intolerance: the AU general practice guide

Carbohydrate intolerance — bloating from lactose, fructose, and FODMAPs, why coeliac screening comes first, and how a dietitian-led low-FODMAP approach works.

Bowel obstruction (SBO and LBO)

Bowel obstruction: recognising SBO and LBO in general practice

Small and large bowel obstruction carry 5–15% mortality and demand same-day ED transfer. Laxatives are contraindicated if obstruction is suspected.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic cancer: red flags and the AU general-practice pathway

Pancreatic cancer has the worst survival of any common cancer. GPs play a critical role in recognising red flags and activating the 2-week referral pathway.

Acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis: recognition and management in AU general practice

How acute pancreatitis is diagnosed, severity-stratified, stabilised by the GP, and followed up after discharge — including key evidence shifts.

Drug-induced liver injury

Drug-induced liver injury: recognition and management in AU general practice

DILI and HILI: R ratio, Hy's Law, RUCAM causality scoring, amoxicillin-clavulanate and turmeric as AU culprits, NAC timing, and TGA DAEN reporting.

Acute appendicitis

Appendicitis and the acute abdomen — when to seek emergency care

Recognising appendicitis symptoms, the Alvarado triage score, what to do while waiting for emergency care, and the AU GP approach to acute abdominal pain.

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Rectal bleeding and lower GI bleeding: causes, workup, and when to act

Rectal bleeding and lower GI bleeding — causes, investigation, and the Australian care pathway from haemorrhoids to bowel cancer screening.

Infant colic and paediatric GORD

Infant colic and reflux: the Australian general practice guide

Infant colic, physiological GOR, and GORD — how to tell them apart, what helps, what doesn't, and when to escalate in Australian general practice.

Paediatric vomiting

Vomiting in children: the Australian general practice guide

Paediatric vomiting — red flags, age-specific differentials, ondansetron dosing, oral rehydration, and when to escalate in Australian practice.

Eosinophilic oesophagitis

Eosinophilic oesophagitis: dysphagia, food triggers, and modern treatment

Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) — why swallowing becomes difficult, how it is diagnosed, and the three treatment approaches available in Australia.

Pancreatitis (acute and chronic)

Pancreatitis: acute and chronic — the AU general practice guide

Acute pancreatitis diagnosis, severity grading, early fluids, enteral nutrition, and chronic pancreatitis management — Australian GP guide.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia

GORD and dyspepsia: heartburn, reflux and indigestion in AU practice

GORD and functional dyspepsia — when lifestyle and PPIs are enough, when to test for H. pylori, and which symptoms need urgent investigation.

Diverticular disease

Diverticular disease: the Australian general practice guide

What to do when your patient has diverticular disease — from incidental diverticulosis to acute diverticulitis — in Australian general practice.

Functional constipation

Functional constipation: evidence-based management in AU general practice

Constipation affects ~14% of Australian adults. Evidence-based management: Rome IV criteria, laxative selection, investigation thresholds, and when to refer.

Acute infectious gastroenteritis

Acute gastroenteritis: oral rehydration first, antibiotics rarely

Acute gastroenteritis — why rehydration is the treatment, when antibiotics matter, and the updated C. difficile guideline for AU general practice.

Coeliac disease

Coeliac disease: diagnosis, gluten-free diet, and long-term monitoring in AU

Coeliac disease — the diagnostic pathway, why the gluten-free diet is lifelong, nutritional repletion, bone health, and GP monitoring in Australia.

Helicobacter pylori infection

Helicobacter pylori: test-and-treat, eradication regimens, and confirming cure

H. pylori — who to test, which eradication regimen in 2026 given rising clarithromycin resistance, how to confirm cure, and when to refer.

Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)

Inflammatory bowel disease: diagnosis, treatment, and GP shared care in AU

IBD — how Crohn's and UC differ, the GP shared-care role, biologic and JAK inhibitor options, and what rising treatments mean for patients.

Irritable bowel syndrome

IBS: low-FODMAP diet, gut-directed therapy, and pharmacotherapy — AU GP

Irritable bowel syndrome in Australian general practice — Rome IV criteria, Monash low-FODMAP diet, gut-directed therapy, pharmacotherapy, and red flags.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

GORD (reflux): what works, what doesn't, when to investigate

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease — when to treat empirically, when to scope, deprescribing PPIs, lifestyle interventions, alarm features.

Neurofibromatosis type 1

Neurofibromatosis type 1: recognising and managing it in AU general practice

How GPs diagnose NF1, monitor for MPNST and optic pathway gliomas, support children's learning needs, and navigate the PBS selumetinib pathway.

Brain abscess

Brain abscess: recognition and emergency referral from AU general practice

Brain abscess — why the classic triad is absent in most cases, MRI recognition, contraindications to LP, antibiotic regimens, and GP red flags.

Transverse myelitis

Transverse myelitis: urgent MRI and IV steroids — the GP's role

Acute spinal cord inflammation — LETM vs MS lesions, same-day neurology referral, IV methylprednisolone, plasma exchange, and NMOSD maintenance.

Optic neuritis

Optic neuritis: urgent referral, GCA exclusion, and the IV steroid decision

Optic neuritis — monocular vision loss in Australian general practice: same-day referral, GCA exclusion, IV methylprednisolone, and MS/NMOSD/MOGAD pathways.

Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis: disease-modifying therapy and GP shared care

Multiple sclerosis DMT — phenotypes, PBS-listed options, early high-efficacy vs escalation, GP monitoring, vaccination, and AU shared-care operations.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: the sight-threatening pressure syndrome

IIH: raised CSF pressure with papilloedema, daily headache, and vision loss risk. Diagnosis criteria, acetazolamide, weight management, and Australian pathways.

Anosmia and dysgeusia

Anosmia and dysgeusia: smell and taste loss — AU general practice approach

Anosmia and dysgeusia in Australian general practice — causes, workup, olfactory training, when to image, and red flags requiring urgent referral.

Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease: chorea, suicide risk, and the AU general practice approach

Huntington's disease — the CAG repeat triad, VMAT2 inhibitors on PBS, suicide risk management, predictive testing pathway, and NDIS access in Australia.

Tics and Tourette syndrome

Tics and Tourette syndrome: the AU general practice guide for families

Tics and Tourette syndrome — diagnosis, why comorbidities (ADHD, OCD) matter most, CBIT behavioural therapy first-line, and when medication helps.

Medication-induced movement disorders

Medication-induced movement disorders: recognition and management

The five medication-induced movement disorders — dystonia, akathisia, drug-induced parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia, and NMS — how to identify and manage each.

Myasthenia gravis

Myasthenia gravis: GP diagnosis and shared care

Fatigable muscle weakness in MG — how GPs recognise, investigate, co-manage myasthenia gravis, and respond to myasthenic crisis.

Encephalitis (viral, autoimmune, paraneoplastic)

Encephalitis: start IV aciclovir immediately, then transfer

Encephalitis — empirical IV aciclovir before investigation, HSV versus autoimmune versus mosquito-borne causes, and the AU GP emergency pathway.

Status epilepticus (generalised convulsive)

Status epilepticus: midazolam IM at 5 min, ESETT second-line

Status epilepticus — 5-minute treatment threshold, midazolam IM first-line, ESETT second-line equivalence, and AU driving and SUDEP counselling requirements.

Paediatric headache

Paediatric headache: migraine, tension-type, and when to escalate

Headache in children and adolescents — distinguishing primary from secondary, red flags, treatment options, and the AU general practice pathway.

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

Subarachnoid haemorrhage: recognising thunderclap headache in AU practice

Subarachnoid haemorrhage in Australian general practice — thunderclap headache, the sentinel bleed, Ottawa SAH Rule, CT sensitivity, and Cat-1 transfer.

Spinal cord compression (malignant, infective, traumatic)

Spinal cord compression: recognising MSCC and the GP emergency response

Metastatic spinal cord compression affects 5–10% of cancer patients and demands Cat-1 transfer, IV dexamethasone 16 mg loading, and same-day MRI.

Guillain-Barré syndrome

Guillain-Barré syndrome: recognising ascending paralysis in general practice

Guillain-Barré syndrome is a neurological emergency. Learn to recognise ascending weakness, when to transfer urgently, and how IVIg and plasma exchange work.

Motor neuron disease (ALS/MND)

Motor neuron disease (MND/ALS) — an Australian patient's guide

What MND is, how it's diagnosed, treatments available in Australia, multidisciplinary care, and planning ahead — the general practice perspective.

Trigeminal neuralgia

Trigeminal neuralgia: diagnosis, management, and the AU general practice role

Trigeminal neuralgia in Australian general practice — ICHD-3 diagnosis, mandatory MRI, PBS carbamazepine, surgical options, and suicide-risk screening.

Dysphagia — oropharyngeal and oesophageal

Dysphagia workup: localising and investigating difficulty swallowing

How Australian GPs localise dysphagia (oropharyngeal vs oesophageal), recognise red flags, and investigate — with the AU referral and investigation pathway.

Vestibular migraine

Vestibular migraine — recurring vertigo and its migraine connection

Vestibular migraine is the commonest cause of recurring spontaneous vertigo. GP guide to diagnosis, AU treatment, PBS options, and vestibular rehabilitation.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS): the AU general practice approach

CRPS — Budapest criteria, why early multidisciplinary treatment matters, physiotherapy and psychology evidence, and AU referral pathways.

Paediatric ADHD and autism spectrum disorder

Paediatric ADHD and autism: diagnosis, treatment and AU pathways

ADHD and autism in children — AU diagnosis, behavioural therapy, stimulant prescribing, NDIS Early Childhood Approach, school support and GP shared care.

Autism spectrum disorder (late-diagnosed adult)

Adult autism diagnosis: late-recognised, correctly identified, well-supported

Autism in adults is frequently missed — especially in women. How a general practitioner approaches screening, referral, and support in AU.

Spinal stenosis (lumbar and cervical)

Spinal stenosis: lumbar and cervical — the Australian general practice approach

Neurogenic claudication, cervical myelopathy, conservative management, and surgical referral criteria for spinal stenosis in Australian general practice.

Hearing loss

Hearing loss: assessment and management — the AU general practice approach

Hearing loss in Australia — sudden SNHL emergency, presbycusis, paediatric OME, cochlear implants, and the Commonwealth Hearing Services Program.

Headache — primary and secondary

Headache: red-flag screening and workup — the AU general-practice approach

Headaches in general practice — SNOOP10 red-flag framework, when to image, dangerous secondary causes, and primary headache management.

Cluster headache

Cluster headache: acute care and prevention — the AU GP approach

Cluster headache — why oxygen is first-line for attacks, how verapamil is titrated safely, when to image, and the Australian general practice pathway.

Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis: GP shared care, DMTs, and symptom management in Australia

How Australian GPs recognise MS relapses, co-manage disease-modifying therapy, and support patients through symptom management and NDIS access.

Concussion and mild traumatic brain injury

Concussion: graded return, red flags, and the Australian GP approach

Concussion in Australian general practice — red flag screening, graded return-to-sport, persistent post-concussion symptoms, and when to refer.

Delirium

Delirium: recognising acute confusion in older patients — the AU approach

Delirium — acute fluctuating confusion in older patients. How to use CAM and 4AT screening, find the cause, and manage safely per AU clinical care standards.

Epilepsy and seizures

Epilepsy and first seizure: the Australian general practice approach

ILAE seizure classification, first-seizure workup, ASM choice, valproate teratogenicity, Austroads driving rules, and SUDEP in Australian general practice.

Migraine, tension-type headache, and medication-overuse headache

Migraine and tension headache: treatment, prevention and warning signs

Migraine and tension headache in AU general practice — acute treatment, when to prevent, CGRP therapies on PBS, and red flags requiring urgent assessment.

Chronic non-cancer pain

Chronic non-cancer pain: the biopsychosocial approach in AU general practice

Chronic non-cancer pain — biopsychosocial management first, opioid avoidance, SafeScript checks, and multidisciplinary care pathways in AU general practice.

Bell's palsy

Bell's palsy: steroid within 72 hours, protect the eye, watch for stroke

Bell's palsy — how to distinguish it from stroke, why prednisolone timing matters, essential eye care, and the AU general practice pathway for recovery.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and vestibular neuritis

Vertigo: BPPV, vestibular neuritis, and when vertigo means stroke

BPPV and vestibular neuritis — Dix-Hallpike diagnosis, Epley canalith repositioning, the HiNTS exam to exclude stroke, and the AU general practice pathway.

Neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain: first-line agents and AU prescribing rules

Neuropathic pain in AU general practice — DN4 screening, TCA and duloxetine first-line, PBS Authority for pregabalin, SafeScript, and multidisciplinary care.

Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease: diagnosis, treatment and GP coordination in Australia

Parkinson's disease — how GPs recognise the cardinal signs, distinguish mimics, coordinate levodopa therapy, and manage non-motor features.

Peripheral neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy: assessment and management in Australian general practice

Peripheral neuropathy — causes, GP workup, neuropathic pain pharmacotherapy, diabetic foot care, and when to refer in Australian general practice.

Dementia (Alzheimer's disease, vascular, Lewy body, frontotemporal)

Dementia: cognitive assessment, treatment options, and coordinated care in AU

Dementia — cognitive screening, Alzheimer's and other subtypes, cholinesterase inhibitors, the 2025 anti-amyloid drugs, BPSD, and the My Aged Care pathway.

Migraine

Migraine: AU general practice in the CGRP era

Migraine — acute treatment, prevention, the CGRP biologics era, AU PBS criteria, and when to escalate to neurology.

Sarcopenia and age-related muscle loss

Resistance training after 40: AU evidence-based sarcopenia prevention

Age-band dosing, compound lifts, supervision triggers, and the Australian GP pathway for prescribing resistance training across the decades.

Osteoporosis / osteopenia — LIFTMOR-style bone-loading protocol

LIFTMOR bone-loading protocol for osteoporosis in older adults

LIFTMOR protocol for bone density in older adults with osteoporosis or osteopenia — evidence appraisal, safety screening, and the Australian GP pathway.

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (polymyositis/dermatomyositis)

Polymyositis and dermatomyositis: autoimmune muscle disease in general practice

Inflammatory myopathy — proximal muscle weakness, skin rashes, ILD, and cancer risk — what GPs need to know about diagnosis and early referral.

Mixed connective tissue disease

Mixed connective tissue disease: the AU general practice guide

How to diagnose MCTD via anti-U1-RNP and Alarcón-Segovia criteria, screen annually for ILD and PAH, and manage it in Australian general practice.

Behçet's disease

Behçet's disease — recognition, diagnosis and GP management

Multisystem vasculitis in CALD communities: recurrent oral ulcers plus any systemic feature requires urgent rheumatology and ophthalmology referral.

Rehabilitation — blood-flow restriction training

Blood-flow restriction training — joint-sparing strength in general practice

BFR combines low-load resistance training with pneumatic cuff occlusion to produce hypertrophy and strength gains when heavy loading is contraindicated.

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus

Cutaneous lupus: recognising DLE, SCLE, and ACLE in general practice

Discoid lupus, subacute cutaneous lupus, and acute malar rash — how to screen for systemic disease, start hydroxychloroquine safely, and refer appropriately.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: the AU general practice approach

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis — how GPs diagnose, refer, and monitor this chronic paediatric autoimmune joint disease in Australian practice.

ANCA-associated vasculitis (GPA, MPA, EGPA)

ANCA-associated vasculitis: recognising GPA, MPA and EGPA in general practice

ANCA vasculitis — how to recognise GPA, MPA and EGPA early, what to do urgently, and the GP's role in shared-care monitoring and relapse prevention.

Hand soft-tissue conditions

Hand soft-tissue conditions: Dupuytren's, ganglion, trigger finger

Common hand soft-tissue conditions in AU general practice — when to inject, when to refer, and how to spot surgical emergencies.

Wrist tendinopathy

Wrist tendinopathy (de Quervain's): the AU general practice approach

De Quervain tenosynovitis and wrist tendinopathies — clinical diagnosis, Finkelstein test, steroid injections, and pregnancy management.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (thrombotic and obstetric)

Antiphospholipid syndrome: warfarin not DOACs, LMWH in pregnancy

Antiphospholipid syndrome — warfarin required in triple-positive APS, aspirin + LMWH for obstetric APS, and catastrophic APS emergency management.

Systemic sclerosis

Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): the GP guide to organ surveillance

Systemic sclerosis causes skin and organ fibrosis. Learn limited vs diffuse subtypes, the renal crisis ACEi rule, and Australian management of ILD and PAH.

Sports and soft-tissue injuries

Sports & soft-tissue injuries: the PEACE & LOVE approach in AU general practice

How PEACE & LOVE replaces RICE for sprains, strains, and contusions — Ottawa imaging rules, concussion management, and the Australian return-to-sport pathway.

Sjögren's syndrome

Sjögren's syndrome: dry eyes, dry mouth, and the GP role in diagnosis

Sjögren's syndrome — dry eyes, dry mouth, autoantibody diagnosis, hydroxychloroquine, and lymphoma surveillance in Australian general practice.

Inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica)

Inflammatory arthritis: recognising RA, spondyloarthritis and PMR in GP

Recognising inflammatory arthritis — RA, spondyloarthritis, psoriatic arthritis and PMR — in Australian general practice, workup, referral and shared care.

Neck pain and whiplash-associated disorder

Neck pain and whiplash: the AU general practice approach

Neck pain and whiplash-associated disorder — assessment, red flags, evidence-based management, and the Australian biopsychosocial approach.

Tendinopathy (lateral epicondylopathy, Achilles, patellar, gluteal)

Tendinopathies: load management over injections — the AU approach

Why progressive loading beats corticosteroid injections for tendinopathy — AU general practice approach for elbow, Achilles, patellar, and gluteal sites.

Nocturnal leg cramps

Nocturnal leg cramps: assessment and management in AU general practice

Why nocturnal leg cramps occur, what helps, which medications are culprits, and why quinine is no longer recommended routinely in Australia.

Polymyalgia rheumatica; giant cell arteritis

PMR and GCA: diagnosis and steroid management in general practice

PMR causes bilateral shoulder stiffness in older adults; GCA is a sight-threatening emergency. Both require prolonged prednisolone with bone protection.

Ankylosing spondylitis & axial spondyloarthritis

Ankylosing spondylitis & axial spondyloarthritis: the GP guide

AxSpA — recognising inflammatory back pain under 45, the diagnostic workup, PBS biologic access, and long-term monitoring in Australian general practice.

Hip pain — greater trochanteric pain syndrome & femoroacetabular impingement

Hip pain: GTPS, gluteal tendinopathy & femoroacetabular impingement

GTPS and FAI — diagnosis, the LEAP trial, when corticosteroid injection helps, and the Australian referral pathway for lateral and groin hip pain.

Frailty and sarcopenia

Frailty and sarcopenia: identifying and reversing decline in older adults

Frailty affects ~15% of Australians aged 65+. Clinical Frailty Scale, resistance training, protein targets, polypharmacy review, and MDT care.

Ankle sprain — lateral ligament complex

Ankle sprain: Ottawa rules, POLICE protocol, and getting back to sport

Ankle sprain — when to X-ray, how to grade severity, the POLICE protocol, rehabilitation for preventing re-injury, and the AU general practice pathway.

Shoulder pain

Shoulder pain: causes, diagnosis and treatment in Australian general practice

Shoulder pain affects ~70% of adults at some point. How rotator cuff problems, frozen shoulder, AC joint and OA are assessed and managed in Australian GP.

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment in Australia

Carpal tunnel syndrome causes night-time hand tingling and numbness. How AU GPs diagnose and treat it — splints, injections, and surgery.

Plantar fasciitis (plantar fasciopathy / plantar heel pain)

Plantar fasciitis: heel pain causes, stretches, and treatment

Plantar fasciitis causes stabbing morning heel pain. How AU GPs diagnose it, which stretches and orthoses help, and when injections or scans are needed.

Low back pain

Low back pain: the AU general practice approach to acute, chronic and radicular

Low back pain in Australia — red-flag exclusion, no routine imaging, NSAID first-line, physiotherapy, and the biopsychosocial approach for chronic pain.

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis: bone density, fracture risk, and what actually works

Osteoporosis — how it's diagnosed in AU general practice, when bisphosphonates or denosumab are used, and why exercise plus calcium and vitamin D matter.

Gout

Gout: treat-to-target urate, not just the flare — the AU GP approach

Gout — why daily allopurinol to a urate target matters more than diet alone, how acute flares are treated, and the AU general practice pathway.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis: exercise, weight, topical NSAIDs first — the AU approach

Osteoarthritis — what it is, why exercise and weight loss come before pills, and the AU primary-tier pathway through pharmacotherapy and joint replacement.

Photodermatoses

Photodermatoses: sun-sensitive skin disorders in AU general practice

Polymorphic light eruption, porphyria cutanea tarda, drug photosensitivity — AU assessment, photoprotection, and management.

Granuloma annulare

Granuloma annulare: ring-shaped skin lesions — the AU general practice approach

Granuloma annulare — why ring-shaped skin plaques form, when generalised disease needs screening, and the AU management approach.

Pyoderma gangrenosum

Pyoderma gangrenosum: the ulcer that gets worse with debridement

Pyoderma gangrenosum — recognising the violaceous undermined ulcer, avoiding the debridement mistake, and the AU management pathway.

Cutaneous vasculitis

Cutaneous vasculitis: palpable purpura and the AU general practice approach

Palpable purpura on the legs — how to investigate cutaneous vasculitis in general practice, from biopsy and bloods to management and specialist referral.

Pressure injury (pressure ulcer)

Pressure injuries: staging, prevention, and wound management

How pressure injuries form, how to stage them (Stage 1 to bone exposure), and evidence-based prevention and wound care in AU general practice.

Tropical dermatology — returned traveller and endemic AU skin disease

Tropical skin diseases: the AU general practice guide

Identifying and treating tropical skin diseases in returned travellers, migrants, and AU residents — from cutaneous larva migrans to Buruli ulcer.

Pemphigus vulgaris

Pemphigus vulgaris: the autoimmune blistering disease GPs must not miss

Pemphigus vulgaris — painful oral erosions for weeks before skin blisters — requires urgent dermatology referral and rituximab-based treatment.

Autoimmune blistering disease (bullous pemphigoid)

Autoimmune blistering disease — GP recognition and urgent referral

Bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, and dermatitis herpetiformis: GP recognition, urgent referral triggers, and key drug causes to review.

Pilonidal disease and cutaneous abscess

Pilonidal disease and skin abscess: I&D first, antibiotics selectively

Pilonidal abscess and skin abscess — I&D off-midline, selective antibiotics for CA-MRSA, and definitive surgery for recurrent pilonidal sinus.

Paediatric atopic eczema

Paediatric atopic eczema: management and the atopic march

Atopic eczema affects ~30% of Australian infants. Stepwise management, emollient targets, bleach baths, dupilumab pathway, and atopic-march prevention.

Pityriasis versicolor (tinea versicolor)

Pityriasis versicolor: the AU general practice guide to diagnosis and treatment

Pityriasis versicolor — diagnosing scaly oval patches, first-line ketoconazole shampoo, when to use oral azoles, and why pigment takes months to return.

Vitiligo

Vitiligo: depigmented patches, autoimmunity, and treatment in AU

Vitiligo — autoimmune melanocyte loss causing white patches. Treatment ladder, comorbidity screening, and the Australian general practice pathway.

Nail disease workup

Nail disease workup: the AU general practice approach

Nail disease in Australian general practice — onychomycosis, psoriatic nails, ingrown toenails, melanonychia, and when to refer for biopsy or specialist review.

Pityriasis rosea

Pityriasis rosea: herald patch, Christmas-tree rash, and syphilis serology

Pityriasis rosea — why syphilis serology is mandatory, how the rash behaves, pregnancy red flags, and the AU general practice management pathway.

Tinea capitis

Tinea capitis: scalp ringworm needs oral antifungal tablets, not cream

Tinea capitis (scalp ringworm) — why oral antifungals are mandatory, which species needs which drug, kerion management, and AU school rules.

Burns — acute management

Burns — acute first aid, assessment, and transfer: the Australian approach

How to perform ANZBA-guideline burn first aid, estimate burn depth and %TBSA, apply the modified Parkland formula, and identify when to transfer.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis

Stevens-Johnson syndrome and TEN: recognising a drug emergency

SJS and TEN in AU practice — recognising the rash, stopping the culprit drug, burns unit transfer, HLA pharmacogenomic screening, and survivorship.

Pressure injuries

Pressure injuries: prevention, staging, and wound care in Australian practice

Pressure injuries damage skin over bony prominences from sustained pressure. Learn NPIAP 2016 staging, the Braden Scale, and the SSKIN prevention bundle.

Community-associated MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection

MRSA skin infections and cellulitis-mimickers — the AU general practice guide

Community-associated MRSA in Australia — I&D plus TMP-SMX or doxycycline, decolonisation protocol, and the 30–75% cellulitis misdiagnosis problem.

Primary and secondary hyperhidrosis

Hyperhidrosis: primary focal vs secondary — the AU general practice approach

Excessive sweating — how to distinguish primary focal from systemic causes, the stepped-care ladder, and when botulinum toxin is PBS-covered in Australia.

Cutaneous adverse drug reactions

Drug eruptions: recognising and managing cADRs in general practice

Cutaneous adverse drug reactions from mild morbilliform rash to life-threatening DRESS and AGEP — the AU general practice approach.

Tinea and onychomycosis

Tinea and onychomycosis: athlete's foot, nail fungus, and ringworm in AU

Tinea affects 1 in 10 Australian adults. Learn when cream works, when tablets are needed, and why nail fungus requires lab confirmation before treatment.

Acanthosis nigricans

Acanthosis nigricans: what that dark, velvety skin means for your health

Acanthosis nigricans is a skin sign of high insulin — commonest driver is insulin resistance and obesity, but rare causes include cancer and certain drugs.

Hidradenitis suppurativa

Hidradenitis suppurativa: AU general practice recognition and treatment

Hidradenitis suppurativa — early recognition, Hurley staging, step-up treatment ladder from lifestyle to PBS-funded biologics, and comorbidity screening.

Chronic pruritus

Pruritus (generalised itch): a systematic workup guide for general practice

Generalised itch without a rash — the systemic causes to rule out, how to investigate, and which treatments work for which conditions in Australian practice.

Scabies and lice

Scabies and lice: AU general practice diagnosis and treatment

How Australian GPs diagnose and treat scabies and lice infestations, including permethrin, ivermectin, contact management, and ATSI community protocols.

Contact dermatitis

Contact dermatitis: irritant vs allergic — the AU general practice approach

Contact dermatitis — irritant versus allergic types, how to identify the trigger, which treatments work, and when patch testing or referral is needed.

Lichen sclerosus

Lichen sclerosus: recognition, clobetasol treatment, and lifelong surveillance

Lichen sclerosus in general practice — recognising the ivory-white vulvar rash, applying clobetasol correctly, and monitoring for squamous cell carcinoma.

Herpes simplex and herpes zoster

Cold sores, genital herpes, and shingles: the AU general practice guide

Cold sores, genital herpes, and shingles — how to diagnose and manage HSV and herpes zoster in Australian general practice, including Shingrix vaccination.

Cellulitis

Cellulitis: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention in Australian general practice

Cellulitis — flucloxacillin first-line, necrotising fasciitis red flags, DVT differential, recurrence prevention, MRSA, and when to go to emergency.

Atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Atopic dermatitis: the AU general practice approach to eczema

Atopic dermatitis (eczema) — emollients first, site-matched steroids for flares, proactive maintenance, and when biologics change the equation in AU.

Solar keratosis and non-melanoma skin cancer

Solar keratosis, BCC, and SCC: skin cancer in Australian general practice

Australia has the world's highest skin cancer rates. Solar keratosis, BCC, and SCC — diagnosis, treatment, and prevention in general practice.

Melanoma

Melanoma and pigmented lesions: the Australian GP approach

Melanoma — ABCDE criteria, dermoscopy, excision biopsy, staging, immunotherapy and surveillance in Australian general practice.

Acne vulgaris

Acne vulgaris: stepwise treatment in Australian general practice

Acne vulgaris — causes, classification, topical and oral treatment, isotretinoin, hormonal options, scarring, and the AU general practice approach.

Alopecia (hair loss)

Hair loss (alopecia) in Australian adults: causes, tests, treatment

Hair loss affects half of adults by 50. Causes (androgenetic, areata, telogen effluvium), how AU GPs investigate, and what treatment involves.

Rosacea and seborrhoeic dermatitis

Rosacea and seborrhoeic dermatitis: AU general practice guide

Rosacea and seborrhoeic dermatitis — phenotypes, trigger avoidance, topical and oral management, ocular rosacea, and the Australian general practice approach.

Chronic plaque psoriasis

Psoriasis: diagnosis and management in Australian general practice

Psoriasis — subtypes, severity grading, topical and systemic treatment, biologics, PBS access, and comorbidity management in Australian general practice.

Atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Eczema: barrier first, then steroids done properly, then escalate

Atopic dermatitis (eczema) — emollient foundation, topical-steroid use done properly, TSW conversation, and when dupilumab / JAK inhibitors change the picture.

Pelvic organ prolapse

Pelvic organ prolapse: pessaries, surgery, and the AU pathway

Pelvic organ prolapse — what it is, who gets it, the three-step treatment ladder from physio to pessary to surgery, and the Australian GP approach.

Mastalgia

Mastalgia (breast pain) — the Australian general practice guide

Breast pain: cyclical vs non-cyclical causes, when imaging is needed, cancer exclusion, and a stepped management approach for Australian GPs.

Vulvovaginitis

Vulvovaginitis: diagnosing thrush, BV, and other vaginal conditions

Vulvovaginitis — how bacterial vaginosis, thrush, trichomoniasis, and atrophic vaginitis are diagnosed and treated in Australian general practice.

Ectopic pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy: recognition, management, and what comes next

Ectopic pregnancy in Australian general practice — when to suspect it, the investigation pathway, when to call 000, and the three treatment options.

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)

Premature ovarian insufficiency: hormone replacement is essential, not optional

POI before age 40 — how to diagnose it, why HRT to age 51 is essential for bone and heart health, fertility options, and AU GP care.

Uterine fibroids (leiomyomata)

Uterine fibroids: diagnosis, treatment, and when to refer in AU general practice

Uterine fibroids — the commonest pelvic tumour, affecting up to 80% of women. How to diagnose, manage heavy bleeding and bulk symptoms, and when to refer.

Vulvodynia

Vulvodynia: chronic vulval pain — diagnosis, the Q-tip test, and treatment

Vulvodynia affects 7–16% of women with an average 5-year diagnostic delay. Q-tip test, pelvic floor physio, and the multimodal treatment ladder.

Early pregnancy loss / miscarriage

Early pregnancy loss and miscarriage — the AU general-practice approach

Miscarriage — GP diagnosis, excluding ectopic pregnancy, expectant/medical/surgical management, anti-D, recurrent loss workup, and bereavement support.

Postmenopausal bleeding

Postmenopausal bleeding: the AU general practice workup and pathway

Postmenopausal bleeding — why it is a cancer-exclusion pathway, the transvaginal ultrasound threshold, endometrial sampling, and managing benign causes.

Pre-conception care and infertility

Pre-conception care and infertility: the Australian general practice framework

Folate, iodine, carrier screening, infertility workup, and ART referral pathways for couples planning pregnancy in Australia.

Postnatal care

Postnatal care: the GP 6-week maternal and infant review

The GP 6-week postnatal review — EPDS screening, breastfeeding support, contraception after birth, infant immunisation, GDM follow-up, and the key MBS items.

Breast lump assessment and breast cancer screening

Breast lump assessment and screening: the Australian GP guide

Breast lump assessment in Australian general practice — triple test, BreastScreen Australia, BI-RADS, hereditary risk, MBS items, and when to refer urgently.

Recurrent urinary tract infection

Recurrent UTI: the Australian general practice approach to prevention

Recurrent UTI — definition, workup, non-antibiotic prevention (methenamine, vaginal oestrogen, hydration), prophylaxis, and when to refer.

Heavy and abnormal uterine bleeding

Heavy and abnormal uterine bleeding: AU general practice guide

Heavy or abnormal uterine bleeding affects 1 in 4 women. PALM-COEIN causes, investigation, treatment — from Mirena first-line to urgent referral pathways.

Menopause and perimenopause

Menopause and perimenopause: the Australian general practice guide

How perimenopause and menopause are diagnosed and managed in Australian general practice — MHT, non-hormonal options, bone health, and heart health.

Normal pregnancy — antenatal shared care

Antenatal shared care: the GP's role in Australian pregnancy management

Antenatal shared care in Australia — first-visit investigations, vaccinations, screening tests, GDM, pre-eclampsia prevention, and when to escalate.

Cervical cancer screening and HPV

Cervical screening and HPV in Australia: NCSP, self-collection, Gardasil 9

Cervical screening in Australia — 5-yearly HPV test, self-collection, Gardasil 9 single dose, result pathways, and Australia's elimination target.

Contraception

Contraception in Australia: LARC first-line, hormonal options and emergency

Contraception in Australia — LARC first for most women, combined hormonal eligibility, progestogen-only pills, emergency contraception, and the GP framework.

Perimenopause and midlife health in women

Perimenopause at 40-45: what an AU GP looks for, what helps, what to ignore

Perimenopause and chronic stress in women 40-45 — what an AU GP looks for in the workup, what helps, what to ignore.

Fasting-mimicking diet — cardiometabolic risk reduction

Fasting-Mimicking Diet (FMD / ProLon): evidence and GP guide

The 5-day fasting-mimicking diet — evidence base, safety checklist, medication adjustments, and what GPs need to know before endorsing it.

Supplement evidence review — Withania somnifera (ashwagandha)

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): the AU general practice evidence appraisal

Ashwagandha evidence review: cortisol, anxiety and sleep — what the trials show, the TGA hepatotoxicity advisory, and AU general practice guidance.

Heat illness (heat exhaustion and heat stroke)

Heat exhaustion and heat stroke — the AU general practice approach

Heat exhaustion and heat stroke in Australian general practice — recognising the spectrum, cooling methods, dangerous medications, and heatwave prevention.

Malnutrition

Malnutrition in adults: under-recognised and manageable in general practice

Malnutrition — GLIM criteria, MUST and MNA-SF screening, food-first management, refeeding syndrome, and the GP pathway to dietitian care in Australia.

B vitamin status

B vitamins: when they help, when they don't, and what high-dose does

B vitamins — when supplementation is supported, when it isn't, and what the trial evidence actually shows for high-dose use.

Drinking water quality

Drinking water quality in Australia: what the AU guidelines cover

Drinking water quality in Australia — what the AU Drinking Water Guidelines cover, what to know about specific contaminants, and when filters help.

Selenium status and cancer prevention

Selenium and cancer: what the SELECT trial and others actually showed

Selenium and cancer — what the SELECT, NPC, and other major trials actually showed, and where supplementation has any AU primary-tier support.

Radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure

5G and health: what the radiofrequency evidence actually shows

5G and health — what IARC 2B classification, ICNIRP exposure limits, and the AU TGA position actually say, in plain English.

Radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure

Are wireless frequencies a carcinogen? The honest IARC 2B story

Are wireless frequencies a carcinogen? What IARC 2B classification actually means, what's changed since 2011, and where the AU evidence sits.

AI in healthcare regulation

AI in Australian general practice: what's deployed and what's hype

AI in AU healthcare — what's deployed in general practice, the TGA software-as-medical-device framework, and where claims outrun evidence.

Patient safety and iatrogenic harm

Iatrogenic harm: what the data actually says, and what AU practice does

Iatrogenic harm — what the Makary 2016 'third leading cause of death' claim said, how it was challenged, and what the AU patient-safety system does.

Prescribing practice and polypharmacy

'Pharmaceutical deficiency' — what the term gets wrong, the kernel it gets right

'Pharmaceutical deficiency' — why the term is misleading, what the legitimate concern about over-prescribing actually is, and the AU response.

Medical-device claims evaluation

Bioelectric devices and 'energy medicine': how to evaluate any device claim

Bioelectric and bioenergetic medicine devices — what the AU TGA regulates, what the evidence shows, and how to evaluate any device claim before paying for it.

Post-refractive surgery complications

Refractive surgery complications (LASIK, PRK, SMILE) — AU general practice guide

Post-refractive surgery complications: dry eye, halos, ectasia, neuropathic pain. GP recognition, urgent referral red flags, and AU management.

Eyelid disorders

Eyelid disorders: blepharitis, chalazion, ptosis, and skin cancer

GP guide to common eyelid disorders — blepharitis, chalazion, ptosis, and eyelid skin cancer recognition in Australian general practice.

Dehydration and electrolyte replacement

Oral rehydration therapy: when ORS helps and when water is enough

When Hydralyte, Gastrolyte, or WHO ORS is clinically indicated — gastroenteritis, heat illness, endurance — and why plain water usually suffices.

Test result follow-up systems — GP safety net

How your GP follows up test results — and what you can do

The GP's legal duty to close the loop on investigations, what a good recall system looks like, and the safety-net question every patient should ask.

Cold-water immersion protocol

Cold-water immersion protocol: the 11-minute-per-week evidence-based approach

How to safely build a cold-plunge practice — the Søberg minimum-effective dose, who benefits, who must avoid it, and the Australian access map.

Contrast hydrotherapy protocol

Contrast hydrotherapy: how hot–cold cycling works and who it suits

GP-reviewed guide to alternating hot and cold exposure (3:1 ratio, 3–5 cycles). Evidence for recovery, contraindications, pregnancy safety, and AU venues.

Paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes

Paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes: hormones from cancer, not the gland

Paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes — hypercalcaemia of malignancy, ectopic ACTH, SIAD — are often the first clue to an occult cancer. What GPs need to know.

Microbial keratitis

Keratitis: recognising a sight-threatening corneal infection

Microbial keratitis — bacterial, HSV, fungal, acanthamoeba — what demands same-day ophthalmology referral and what general practice does first.

Voice disorders and professional voice care

Voice care for professional voice users: when speech therapy beats rest

MTD, vocal nodules, spasmodic dysphonia, and LPR — vocal hygiene, speech pathology, and the 3-week laryngoscopy rule in general practice.

Neurosyphilis

Neurosyphilis: CNS syphilis recognition and management in AU general practice

How neurosyphilis presents, when to perform a lumbar puncture, AU treatment with IV benzylpenicillin, and mandatory notification requirements.

Chronic dysphonia (hoarseness >3 weeks)

Chronic dysphonia: the 3-week laryngoscopy rule and AU GP management

Hoarseness 3+ weeks requires ENT laryngoscopy to exclude cancer. AU GP management: voice therapy, reflux, vocal cord paralysis, red flags.

Telehealth consultation

Telehealth in Australian general practice: medico-legal essentials for GPs

AU GP telehealth — the 12-month relationship rule, video vs phone tiers, prescribing drugs of dependence, MyMedicare, and AHPRA medico-legal duties.

Retinal detachment and posterior vitreous detachment

Retinal detachment and PVD: same-day referral, red flags, gas tamponade

Retinal detachment and PVD in Australian general practice: urgency thresholds, GP red-flag examination, and post-operative tamponade restrictions.

Sarcoma

Sarcoma: recognising red flags and avoiding the unplanned excision

Sarcoma — soft tissue and bone malignancies in Australian general practice: red flags for referral, the whoops-procedure risk, GIST, and survivorship care.

Transplant medicine in general practice

Transplant medicine in general practice: shared care, surveillance, and safety

GP shared care for transplant recipients in Australia: immunosuppressants, drug interactions, vaccination, NMSC surveillance, and red flags.

Beta-thalassaemia

Beta-thalassaemia: trait, intermedia, and major — the AU general practice guide

Beta-thalassaemia: trait to major — diagnosing, counselling carriers, and avoiding iron supplementation errors in general practice.

Primary biliary cholangitis

Primary biliary cholangitis: diagnosis, UDCA therapy, and treat-to-target

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) — AMA testing, UDCA first-line, treat-to-target at 12 months, pruritus ladder, and when to escalate to hepatology.

Real-time prescription monitoring (RTPM)

Real-time prescription monitoring — SafeScript, QScript, ScriptCheckSA

What RTPM is, which drugs are monitored in each state, how to interpret alerts, the 7-step workflow, and what the law actually requires of Australian GPs.

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

MGUS and the new paraprotein workup: the AU general practice approach

MGUS — how to work up an incidental paraprotein, apply Mayo risk stratification, and decide when to refer to haematology.

Otosclerosis

Otosclerosis: progressive hearing loss with a normal eardrum

Otosclerosis — adult conductive hearing loss with a normal eardrum; audiogram findings, hearing aids, stapedotomy, and the AU Hearing Services pathway.

Meralgia paraesthetica

Meralgia paraesthetica: LFCN entrapment in general practice

Meralgia paraesthetica — anterolateral thigh burning and numbness from LFCN entrapment. Cause modification, neuropathic agents, and nerve block for GPs.

Premature ejaculation

Premature ejaculation: the AU general practice approach

PE affects up to 1 in 10 AU men — subtypes, combination treatment evidence, and when dapoxetine versus an off-label SSRI is the right call.

Refractive errors and presbyopia

Refractive errors and presbyopia: the AU general practice guide

Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and presbyopia — the pinhole test, paediatric myopia control evidence, and when to refer to optometry or ophthalmology.

Hypopituitarism

Hypopituitarism: when the master gland falls short — the AU GP guide

Hypopituitarism — causes, which hormones fail, replacement in the right order, and why adrenal crisis is the emergency to prevent.

Polycythaemia vera and myeloproliferative neoplasms

Polycythaemia vera and MPNs: what your blood count is telling you

Polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocythaemia, and myelofibrosis — FBC pattern recognition, thrombosis risk, and the GP's role in long-term management.

Renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma: what to do when imaging finds a kidney mass

Renal cell carcinoma — incidental detection, Bosniak grading, when to refer urgently, and how modern immunotherapy changed outcomes in advanced disease.

Uveitis

Uveitis: the red painful eye your GP must not miss

Uveitis — anatomic types, same-day referral rules, HLA-B27 links, and treatment from topical steroids to adalimumab.

Varicocele

Varicocele: scrotal veins, male fertility, and when to act

Varicocele — why 15% of men have one, the fertility link, when surgery helps, and the one red flag that needs urgent imaging.

Faltering growth / failure to thrive

Faltering growth in children: assessment and management in AU general practice

Faltering growth in children — NICE NG75 severity, WHO charts, MDT management, and PBS supplements for Australian general practice.

Ovarian torsion (adnexal torsion)

Ovarian torsion: recognising a gynaecological emergency in AU general practice

Ovarian torsion — the normal-Doppler pitfall, detorsion over oophorectomy, and the GP's Cat-1 transfer role in AU general practice.

Paediatric limp

Limping child: differential diagnosis and red flags in AU general practice

Limping child — Kocher criteria, SUFE red flags, septic arthritis vs transient synovitis, and age-stratified differential in AU general practice.

Q fever and Australian zoonoses

Q fever and Australian zoonoses: Q-VAX, treatment, and AU general practice

Q fever — Q-VAX pre-vaccination testing, doxycycline treatment, chronic endocarditis, and Australian zoonoses in general practice.

Fertility preservation (oncofertility and pre-gonadotoxic)

Fertility preservation: the AU general practice approach

Fertility preservation before cancer treatment or gonadotoxic therapy — GP role in early flagging, referral, and oncofertility pathways in Australia.

Sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease: the AU general practice approach

Sickle cell disease — GP recognition, crisis management, hydroxyurea, prevention, and Australian shared-care pathways.

Tick-borne illness in Australia

Tick-borne illness in Australia: rickettsial disease, tick paralysis, alpha-gal

The five tick-related illnesses in Australian general practice: rickettsial disease, tick paralysis, alpha-gal syndrome, imported Lyme, and DSCATT.

Mpox and emerging sexually transmitted infections

Mpox and emerging STIs: the Australian general practice approach

Mpox, Mycoplasma genitalium resistance, Doxy-PEP and the changing STI landscape in Australian general practice — what every GP needs to know.

Tonsil stones (tonsillolithiasis)

Tonsil stones (tonsilloliths): causes, management, and when to see a specialist

Learn what causes tonsil stones, how to manage halitosis and throat discomfort at home, when antibiotics are not needed, and when to see an ENT specialist.

Vision loss

Vision loss — emergency triage and workup in Australian general practice

Sudden and gradual vision loss in general practice — from emergencies like CRAO and giant cell arteritis to AMD and diabetic retinopathy.

Eosinophilia

Eosinophilia: when to investigate and what to do in Australian general practice

Elevated eosinophils in Australian GP: efficient workup from atopy and parasites to DRESS and hypereosinophilic syndrome, with clear escalation triggers.

Neck mass

Neck lump and salivary disorders: the Australian general practice approach

A neck lump in an adult over 40 is malignant until proven otherwise. How to investigate, when to refer urgently, and the Australian two-week cancer pathway.

Primary immunodeficiency

Recurrent infection workup: immunodeficiency in Australian general practice

Repeated infections in Australian GP: how to screen for primary immunodeficiency and secondary causes, the stepwise workup, and when to refer to immunology.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss

Sudden hearing loss: treat early — the AU general practice approach

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss — how to recognise it, why steroids within 14 days matter, urgent ENT referral, and AU audiology pathways.

Childhood infestations

Threadworms and childhood infestations: the AU general practice approach

Threadworms, head lice, and scabies in Australian children — diagnosis, empirical treatment, household management, and refugee parasite screening.

Gilbert syndrome

Gilbert syndrome: a benign liver finding — the AU general practice approach

Gilbert syndrome — confirming the diagnosis, reassuring patients, and the two drug interactions every GP needs to know.

Bites and envenomation

Animal bites, envenomation, and ABLV PEP — Australian general practice

GP management of animal bites, Australian bat lyssavirus post-exposure prophylaxis, funnel-web and redback bites, snakebite, and tick removal.

End-of-life care in residential aged care

End-of-life care in residential aged care — the Australian GP approach

How Australian GPs manage symptoms, advance care planning, and post-death responsibilities for residents dying in residential aged care facilities.

Paediatric anaemia

Paediatric anaemia — workup and management in Australian general practice

How Australian GPs assess and manage iron deficiency and other anaemias in children, including ferritin thresholds, oral iron dosing, and when to refer.

Diabetes insipidus (AVP deficiency / AVP resistance)

Diabetes insipidus (AVP-D/AVP-R): never omit desmopressin in hospital

Diabetes insipidus — 2022 AVP-D/AVP-R rename, copeptin diagnostic standard, desmopressin hospital safety alert, and lithium-related AVP resistance.

Head and neck cancer (oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, nasopharynx, salivary gland)

Head and neck cancer: the 2-week rule and HPV-positive OPSCC

Head and neck cancer — red-flag referral criteria, rising HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer, Gardasil 9 prevention, and AU GP survivorship management.

Oesophageal cancer

Oesophageal cancer: alarm symptoms, referral, and Barrett's surveillance

Oesophageal cancer in Australian general practice — recognising alarm symptoms, the 2-week referral pathway, Barrett's surveillance, and treatment overview.

Mast cell activation syndrome

Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS): diagnosis and management

MCAS causes episodic multisystem symptoms from mast cell mediator release. Learn the diagnostic criteria, treatment ladder, and Long COVID overlap.

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

SIADH: causes, safe sodium correction, and the ODS rule

SIADH causes low blood sodium from excess ADH. Learn the diagnostic criteria, common causes, the safe 10 mmol/L correction rule, and the treatment ladder.

Anterior uveitis (acute iritis)

Anterior uveitis (iritis): GP recognition and same-day referral

Anterior uveitis — red, painful photophobic eye, ciliary flush, and vision loss risk. AU GP recognition, urgent referral pathway, and HLA-B27 associations.

Autoimmune hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis: the AU general practice guide to diagnosis and treatment

Autoimmune hepatitis — immune-mediated liver injury. AU GP guide to diagnosis, blood tests, biopsy, prednisolone + azathioprine treatment, and monitoring.

Strabismus and amblyopia

Strabismus and amblyopia: childhood eye checks and AU GP management

Strabismus and amblyopia in AU children — red reflex checks, Hirschberg/cover test, Healthy Kids Check, patching cascade, and when to refer urgently.

Vasectomy (male sterilisation)

Vasectomy: counselling, technique, and post-procedure care — AU GP guide

Vasectomy in Australia — no-scalpel technique, counselling checklist, PVSA timing, post-vasectomy pain, prostate cancer evidence, and MBS item 37623.

Adolescent psychosocial assessment (HEEADSSS)

Adolescent health: HEEADSSS psychosocial assessment in AU general practice

How to use HEEADSSS with adolescent patients in Australian general practice — confidentiality, Gillick competence, mandatory reporting, and referral pathways.

Safety-netting for deteriorating patients in general practice

Safety-netting for deteriorating patients — the AU general practice guide

Safety-netting in AU general practice — the five-element script, tracer presentations, documentation standards, and medico-legal framework for GPs.

Driver fitness and firearms medical assessment — Australian general practice

Driver fitness and firearms — the Austroads GP assessment framework

Australian GP guide to Austroads AFTD 2022 driver fitness assessment and firearms licensing — state-by-state reporting obligations.

Lymphoedema

Lymphoedema — diagnosis, complex decongestive therapy and AU care pathways

Lymphoedema — Stemmer's sign, ISL staging, distinguishing it from venous oedema, and complex decongestive therapy via ALA-certified therapists.

Microscopic colitis (collagenous and lymphocytic)

Microscopic colitis — diagnosis, budesonide, and drug-trigger review

Microscopic colitis — why it is missed, right-and-left colon biopsies, drug-trigger review, and budesonide-first management in Australian general practice.

Acute liver failure

Acute liver failure: recognising the emergency and transferring immediately

Acute liver failure is a time-critical emergency. Learn the paracetamol overdose trap, when to start NAC, King's College Criteria, and AU transplant centres.

Gastric cancer

Gastric cancer: recognising alarm features and the AU GP pathway

Around 2,300 Australians develop stomach cancer each year. Learn alarm features, H. pylori's role, urgent referral, and post-gastrectomy follow-up.

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Liver cancer surveillance: who to screen and how in AU general practice

Hepatocellular carcinoma is rising in Australia. Learn who needs 6-monthly liver ultrasound plus AFP, how to act on findings, and BCLC staging basics.

Fever of unknown origin (FUO)

Fever that won't go away — investigating prolonged fever in AU general practice

Why some fevers persist for weeks, the structured workup your GP uses, key causes, and what the diagnostic process looks like — the AU general practice guide.

Immunocompromised patient care

Living with immunosuppression — protecting your health in Australia

What immunosuppression means for your daily life, vaccines, infection risk, sick-day rules, and when to seek urgent care — the AU general practice guide.

Lymphoma (Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin)

Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma — recognition and care in Australia

Lymphoma signs, diagnosis, treatment overview, survivorship care, and the GP's role — what Australian patients and families need to understand.

Medico-legal reporting obligations

When GPs must report — Australia's mandatory reporting laws explained

What triggers a GP's legal duty to report in Australia — child protection, elder abuse, notifiable diseases, fitness to drive, and more.

Mosquito-borne arboviral and parasitic disease

Mosquito-borne disease in Australia: Ross River, dengue, malaria, JEV

Ross River fever, dengue, malaria, Japanese encephalitis — diagnosis, notification and prevention in Australian general practice.

Scrotal swelling

Scrotal swelling — hydrocoele, varicocoele and epididymal cyst in AU practice

Scrotal swelling in adult men is almost always benign — but the GP must exclude testicular tumour, torsion, and the right-sided varicocoele red flag.

Urethritis and urethral discharge

Urethritis and urethral discharge — the AU general practice approach

Urethritis is almost always sexually acquired — chlamydia, gonorrhoea, or Mycoplasma genitalium. The AU workup, treatment, and partner notification pathway.

Lipoedema

Lipoedema: recognising and managing a commonly misdiagnosed condition

Lipoedema — a painful fat disorder almost exclusively affecting women, frequently misdiagnosed as obesity, with conservative and surgical management options.

Termination of pregnancy

Termination of pregnancy: the AU general practice approach

Medical and surgical TOP in Australia — MS 2 Step regimen, legal framework by state, anti-D, contraception planning, and telehealth access.

Occupational injury and workers' compensation

Workers' compensation and medical certificates: the GP's role in Australia

Certificates of Capacity, return-to-work planning, and the GP's medico-legal obligations across Australian workers' compensation and Centrelink systems.

Bacterial meningitis

Bacterial meningitis: urgent recognition and management in AU general practice

Bacterial meningitis diagnosis, empirical antibiotic plus dexamethasone within 30 minutes, contact tracing, vaccination, and post-recovery care.

Cauda equina syndrome

Cauda equina syndrome: urgent recognition and management in AU general practice

Cauda equina syndrome: red flag pentad, mandatory PR exam, same-day MRI, surgical timing evidence, and GP transfer responsibilities in Australian practice.

Hereditary cancer syndromes

Hereditary cancer syndromes: recognition and referral in AU general practice

Hereditary cancer syndromes: eviQ referral criteria, MBS-funded panel testing (MSAC 1504), CAPP2 aspirin for Lynch, RRSO for BRCA, and insurance considerations.

Leukaemia

Leukaemia: recognition and workup — the AU general practice approach

Leukaemia recognition in AU general practice — FBC red flags, same-day referral triggers, CLL versus AML versus CML versus ALL, and survivorship shared care.

Australian snakebite envenomation

Snakebite in Australia: pressure-immobilisation and hospital care

Australian snakebite first aid, the pressure-immobilisation technique, envenomation syndromes, antivenom selection, and the GP role in post-discharge care.

Multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma — recognition, workup, and GP shared care

Multiple myeloma: red-flag CRAB symptoms, initial GP workup, urgent referral criteria, and shared-care responsibilities in an Australian setting.

Bladder cancer

Bladder cancer: haematuria recognition and the AU general practice pathway

Visible haematuria in any adult is bladder cancer until proven otherwise. The AU investigation pathway, staging, treatment overview, and GP survivorship role.

Endometrial cancer

Endometrial cancer — recognising PMB and the GP pathway

Why any postmenopausal bleeding needs urgent workup, risk factors for Australia's most common gynaecological cancer, Lynch syndrome, and the AU GP pathway.

Paracetamol overdose

Paracetamol overdose: antidote, nomogram and AU harm-reduction framework

Paracetamol overdose — why it's Australia's most dangerous self-poisoning agent, the NAC antidote, nomogram, modified-release differences and pack-size reform.

Ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer: symptoms to recognise and the GP pathway in Australia

Ovarian cancer symptoms, Risk of Malignancy Index, CA-125 workup, BRCA testing, and the Australian general-practice referral pathway.

Recurrent pregnancy loss

Recurrent miscarriage: causes, workup, and what happens next

Two or more pregnancy losses warrant investigation. This covers the evidence-based workup, treatable causes, and the strong chance of a healthy next pregnancy.

Male factor infertility

Male infertility: semen analysis, investigation, and GP referral

Male factor causes ~50% of couple infertility. GP pathway: semen analysis × 2, hormone workup, lifestyle, and Australian referral criteria.

Comprehensive geriatric assessment

Comprehensive geriatric assessment and RACF care in Australian GP

The AU general practice framework for comprehensive geriatric assessment — 75+ health assessments, My Aged Care, polypharmacy review, elder abuse and RACF care.

Thrombocytopenia and abnormal FBC

Thrombocytopenia — low platelet count: GP workup and red flags

A low platelet count on a routine FBC needs a systematic GP workup to separate benign from life-threatening causes, including TTP, HIT, and acute leukaemia.

Lactation mastitis and breastfeeding problems

Mastitis and breastfeeding pain: the Australian general practice guide

Mastitis spectrum, breast abscess, and nipple pain — what Australian GPs and patients need to know, including the 2022 ABM paradigm shift.

Raynaud's phenomenon

Raynaud's phenomenon: the Australian general practice guide

Raynaud's phenomenon — diagnosing the colour change triad, workup for connective tissue disease, calcium channel blockers, and Australian management.

Refugee and migrant health assessment

Refugee and migrant health: the Australian general practice guide

Refugee health assessment, MBS items 701/703/705, latent TB, hepatitis B, PTSD, interpreter services, and FASSTT network in Australian general practice.

Epistaxis

Nosebleeds (epistaxis): how to stop them and prevent recurrence

Most nosebleeds stop with 15 minutes of firm nasal pinching. Learn the AU general practice approach to assessment, treatment, and prevention.

Leg ulcers (venous, arterial, mixed, diabetic foot)

Leg ulcers: diagnosing venous, arterial, and diabetic types in general practice

Leg ulcers affect ~1% of Australians. Learn to identify each type, measure ABPI before compression, and when to refer to specialists.

Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

Glandular fever (EBV mononucleosis): what to expect and when to worry

Glandular fever — diagnosis, why antibiotics don't help, why to avoid contact sport for 3–4 weeks, and the Australian GP management pathway.

Enuresis (childhood nocturnal and diurnal incontinence)

Bedwetting (enuresis) in children: causes, alarm therapy, and desmopressin

Bedwetting in children — when it is normal, how alarm therapy works, when to investigate, and the Australian GP pathway including PBS-listed desmopressin.

Anogenital warts and HPV-related disease

Genital warts and HPV: treatment, Gardasil 9, and cervical screening

Genital warts and HPV in Australian general practice — treatment options, Gardasil 9 vaccination, cervical screening self-collection, and HPV cancer risk.

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)

SIBO (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth): the AU general practice approach

SIBO and IMO — what they are, who gets them, how breath testing works, and the Australian treatment pathway including the rifaximin cost reality.

Domestic and family violence

Domestic and family violence: screening, safety planning, and the GP role

How Australian GPs screen for domestic and family violence, apply the AVDR framework, assess lethality, and connect patients to safety services.

Elder abuse

Elder abuse: detection, assessment, and management in general practice

Elder abuse affects 1 in 7 older Australians. How GPs detect it, assess capacity, document, use the SIRS in aged care, and connect patients with advocacy.

Paediatric food allergy and atopic march

Paediatric food allergy: the Australian guide for parents and GPs

Australia has the world's highest childhood food allergy rates. Early introduction, anaphylaxis management, EpiPen prescribing, and atopic march explained.

Preventive health and health assessments

Health checks and prevention in Australian general practice

Age-banded guide to health checks, cancer screening, vaccinations, GPCCMP, and the prevention activities offered through Australian general practice.

Vaccine hesitancy

Vaccine hesitancy — the Australian GP approach

How Australian GPs address vaccine hesitancy — presumptive recommendations, motivational interviewing, debunking common myths, and AU policy frameworks.

Ovarian cysts

Ovarian cysts: GP approach to risk stratification and surveillance

Most ovarian cysts are benign and self-resolving. The AU general practice framework for risk stratification, surveillance, and when to refer urgently.

Achalasia

Achalasia: when the oesophagus stops letting food through

Achalasia is a rare oesophageal motility disorder causing dysphagia for solids and liquids — diagnostic delay averages five years, often mislabelled as reflux.

Acromegaly

Acromegaly: when too much growth hormone changes your body

Acromegaly is a rare pituitary condition causing gradual changes in face, hands, and joints — diagnosed five to ten years after symptoms begin, but treatable.

Oral health — dental caries, periodontal disease, oral mucosal disease, oral cancer

Oral health in general practice: what GPs need to know

How Australian GPs detect oral cancer early, manage dental pain without antibiotics, and connect patients with dental funding schemes.

Paediatric functional constipation

Paediatric constipation: the two-phase management approach

How Australian GPs diagnose and manage childhood constipation using Rome IV criteria, PEG disimpaction, maintenance therapy, and behavioural toilet training.

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI)

Clostridioides difficile infection: recognition, treatment, and prevention

C. difficile (CDI) after antibiotics — how to test, when fidaxomicin or vancomycin is preferred over metronidazole, and the role of FMT for recurrence.

Childhood viral exanthems and hand-foot-mouth disease

Childhood viral exanthems: recognition, treatment, and not-to-miss mimics

Common childhood rashes — measles, rubella, parvovirus, varicella, scarlet fever, HFMD — with the critical not-to-miss conditions every GP must identify.

Childhood and adolescent obesity

Childhood and adolescent obesity: the AU general-practice framework

About 25% of Australian children are above a healthy weight. Covers BMI centile assessment, family-centred management, pharmacotherapy, and when to refer.

Paediatric fever

Paediatric fever: red flags, when to escalate, and the AU approach

How Australian GPs assess fever in children — traffic-light red flags for meningococcaemia, Kawasaki disease and sepsis, antipyresis, and safety-netting.

Cerumen impaction and otalgia

Cerumen impaction and ear pain: the AU general practice approach

Ear pain and cerumen impaction — differential diagnosis, safe wax removal, otitis externa and media management, ATSI ear health, and red-flag recognition.

Dry eye disease, glaucoma, cataract

Dry eye, glaucoma and cataract: AU general practice eye screening

Chronic eye conditions in Australian general practice — dry eye disease, glaucoma screening, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, AMD, and when to refer.

Cancer-related fatigue

Cancer-related fatigue: the Australian general practice management guide

Cancer-related fatigue: assessing reversible causes, evidence-based management, and cardiotoxicity surveillance in Australian general practice.

Gender-affirming care and LGBTIQ+ health

Gender-affirming care: the Australian general practice approach

Gender-affirming hormone therapy, inclusive practice, screening, and mental health care for trans and gender diverse patients in Australian general practice.

Opioid weaning and tapering

Opioid tapering in AU general practice: shared, slow, and safe

How to approach opioid dose reduction in chronic non-cancer pain — shared decision-making, taper rates, withdrawal management, and the never-force principle.

Prostatitis (acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, and chronic pelvic pain syndrome)

Prostatitis: acute bacterial, chronic, and CPPS — the AU GP approach

Prostatitis in general practice — the NIH I–IV classification, when antibiotics help, and why pelvic floor physio is first-line for CPPS.

Diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy: screening and prevention in Australian general practice

Why annual eye screening prevents blindness in diabetes, the GP's role in risk reduction, and Australian referral and treatment pathways.

Palliative care and advance care planning

Palliative care and advance care planning: the Australian GP approach

End-of-life care, symptom management, advance care directives, and voluntary assisted dying — the Australian general practice framework.

Pertussis (whooping cough)

Pertussis (whooping cough): recognition, treatment, and prevention in Australia

Whooping cough — how to diagnose it, when to give azithromycin, who needs prophylaxis, and why maternal dTpa in every pregnancy matters.

Sepsis

Sepsis recognition and immediate management: the GP's role in Australia

Sepsis — how to recognise it quickly in general practice, when to call 000, how to give the first antibiotic, and what post-sepsis survivorship looks like.

Tuberculosis and latent TB infection

Tuberculosis & latent TB: the AU general practice approach

TB and latent TB in Australia — who to screen, how to test, when to notify, and what treatment looks like from the GP's perspective.

HIV infection and PrEP

HIV and PrEP — the Australian general-practice approach

HIV in general practice — U=U treatment as prevention, PrEP prescribing, PEP within 72 h, GP shared care, and reducing HIV-related stigma.

Chronic pelvic pain

Chronic pelvic pain: multimodal care from day one

Chronic pelvic pain — why it's almost always multifactorial, how to start treatment before a diagnosis, and the AU general practice pathway for women and men.

Lymphadenopathy

Swollen lymph nodes: when to watch and when to act urgently

Lymphadenopathy — how to distinguish reactive from concerning nodes, which investigations matter, and when to refer for biopsy in Australian general practice.

Male hypogonadism

Low testosterone in men: diagnosis, PBS criteria, and treatment

Male hypogonadism — how to diagnose it correctly, what the Australian PBS criteria require, and when lifestyle change is the treatment rather than testosterone.

Genital herpes

Genital herpes (HSV): diagnosis, treatment, and the AU GP approach

Genital herpes — HSV PCR diagnosis, aciclovir regimens for primary and recurrent episodes, suppressive therapy, and pregnancy management in AU general practice.

Cholelithiasis and biliary colic

Gallstones & biliary colic: the AU general practice approach

Gallstones — who develops them, when treatment is needed, what laparoscopic cholecystectomy involves, and which complications need urgent care.

Age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration: the AU general practice approach

AMD — who gets it, how it's staged, what AREDS2 supplements do, when to refer urgently, and what the new geographic atrophy treatments can and cannot offer.

Chronic rhinitis

Chronic rhinitis: intranasal steroids first — the AU general practice approach

Chronic rhinitis — intranasal corticosteroids first-line, how to distinguish allergic from vasomotor and NAR subtypes, and the AU management pathway.

Cancer survivorship

Cancer survivorship: what your GP manages after treatment ends

Over 1.4 million Australians live beyond cancer. This covers the GP-led survivorship programme: surveillance, late effects, lifestyle, and psychosocial support.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health assessment

Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander health assessment: MBS 715 guide

MBS Item 715, Closing the Gap PBS co-payment, and cultural safety in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health for Australian GPs.

Immunisation — National Immunisation Program

Australian immunisation schedule: NIP, adult vaccines and catch-up

National Immunisation Program schedule, Shingrix, RSV, single-dose HPV, Prevenar 20, cold chain, and AEFI management for Australian GPs.

Travel medicine — pre-travel consultation

Travel medicine: pre-travel consultation guide for Australian GPs

Vaccines, malaria prophylaxis, traveller's diarrhoea, altitude illness, and returning traveller assessment in Australian general practice.

Red eye and conjunctivitis

Red eye and conjunctivitis: triage and treatment in Australian general practice

Most red eyes in general practice are benign. This guide covers vision-threatening red flags, conjunctivitis management, and urgent referral criteria.

Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis: recognition, emergency treatment, and Australian prevention

How to recognise anaphylaxis, when to use adrenaline, 4-hour observation, and discharge planning with ASCIA Action Plans and allergist referral.

Persistent fatigue

Fatigue: the Australian GP workup — systematic investigation of tiredness

How Australian GPs investigate persistent fatigue — staged blood tests, red flags requiring urgent workup, and when ME/CFS or Long COVID applies.

Polypharmacy and inappropriate prescribing

Polypharmacy and deprescribing in Australian general practice

How Australian GPs review, reduce, and safely stop medications in older adults — STOPP/START criteria, deprescribing protocols, and MBS pathways.

Chronic hepatitis C

Chronic hepatitis C: DAA cure and the AU Section 100 prescribing pathway

Chronic hepatitis C in Australia — who to test, the 8-week Maviret cure, drug interactions to check, and how GPs access the Section 100 PBS prescribing pathway.

Chronic hepatitis B

Chronic hepatitis B: the Australian general practice management guide

Chronic hepatitis B — screening, serology, treatment indications, Section 100 prescribing, HCC surveillance, and vaccination in Australian general practice.

Pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence (female)

Pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence: AU general practice guide

Pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence in Australian women: pelvic floor physio, pessary, medications, surgery, and the AU mesh context.

Prostate cancer screening

Prostate cancer screening and PSA: the informed decision in AU general practice

PSA screening, shared decision-making, mpMRI before biopsy, and active surveillance — the 2024 Australian approach to prostate cancer in general practice.

Sexually transmitted infections

STI screening and management: the AU general practice guide

Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, HIV, and beyond — opportunistic screening, treatment, partner notification, and prevention in AU general practice.

Long COVID / Post-COVID-19 condition

Long COVID (post-COVID-19 condition): the AU general practice guide

Long COVID affects ~5–10% of SARS-CoV-2 infections. How to assess, investigate, and manage PEM-positive and PEM-negative presentations in general practice.

Colorectal cancer screening

Bowel cancer screening in Australia: NBCSP, FOBT, and colonoscopy surveillance

Bowel cancer screening in Australia — NBCSP iFOBT for ages 45–74, colonoscopy intervals after polyps, family history risk stratification, and the GP's role.

Falls in older adults

Falls in older adults: multifactorial prevention in Australian general practice

Falls in older Australians — GP-led multifactorial assessment, the Otago and Tai Chi evidence, medication deprescribing, vitamin D, and MBS pathways.

Nicotine dependence

Smoking cessation: the evidence-based approach for Australian GPs

5As brief intervention, combination NRT, varenicline and Quitline 13 78 48 — the RACGP framework for smoking cessation in Australian general practice.

Acute otitis media and otitis externa

Ear infections (otitis media and externa): what to do and when to see a GP

Otitis media and outer-ear infection (swimmer's ear): what helps, when antibiotics are needed, and warning signs that mean act now.

Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency

Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency: diagnosis and treatment

B12 and folate deficiency — causes, macrocytic anaemia, neurological features, investigation, IM or oral replacement, and the AU general practice approach.

Myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)

ME/CFS and long COVID fatigue: diagnosis, pacing, and when to see a GP

ME/CFS is a real biological illness with post-exertional malaise at its core. How it is diagnosed, why pacing matters, and what Australian GPs can offer.

Haemorrhoids and anorectal complaints

Haemorrhoids and anorectal problems: a patient guide for Australians

Haemorrhoids, anal fissures, and rectal bleeding explained — causes, treatments from fibre to banding, and when bleeding needs urgent investigation.

Acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis

Sore throat, pharyngitis and tonsillitis: when antibiotics actually help

Most sore throats are viral and settle in a week. How to tell viral from strep, when a throat swab matters, and what red flags need urgent care.

Vitamin D deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency: testing, supplementation, and sun safety

Vitamin D deficiency — who to test, severity thresholds, cholecalciferol dosing, sun exposure guidance, and the Australian general practice approach.

Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia: understanding the pain that is real but invisible

Fibromyalgia affects 2-4% of Australians. Plain-language guide to what it is, how it's diagnosed, and what helps — per AU and international guidelines.

Sinusitis (acute and chronic rhinosinusitis)

Sinusitis: acute, chronic, and why most cases don't need antibiotics

How acute viral sinusitis differs from bacterial and chronic sinusitis — saline rinses, nasal steroid sprays, when antibiotics help, and when to see a GP.

Urticaria and angioedema

Hives (urticaria) and angioedema: causes, treatment, when to see a GP

Hives and angioedema for Australian patients — acute vs chronic causes, antihistamine and omalizumab treatment, and red flags for the ED.

Vertigo and dizziness

Vertigo and dizziness: causes, BPPV, and when to see a GP

Vertigo is the illusion of spinning. How Australian GPs sort peripheral causes like BPPV from central causes like stroke, and what treatment looks like.

Tinnitus

Tinnitus: causes, assessment, and management in Australian practice

Tinnitus affects roughly one in seven Australian adults. How it is assessed, when it needs urgent review, and what actually helps reduce distress.

Dysmenorrhoea and endometriosis

Dysmenorrhoea and endometriosis: the Australian GP management guide

Period pain and endometriosis — NSAID and COC first-line, when to use dienogest or Mirena, deep disease assessment, and fertility planning in Australia.

Iron deficiency anaemia

Iron deficiency anaemia: ferritin, alternate-day iron, and when IV is right

Iron deficiency anaemia — ferritin thresholds, why alternate-day oral iron now wins, when IV iron is right, and the AU general practice pathway.

Supplement regulation in Australia

Reading AU supplement labels: AUST L vs AUST R, and what they mean

Reading Australian supplement labels — AUST L vs AUST R, TGA listing vs registration, and what 'evaluated' actually means in practice.

Hydration

Hydration: water, electrolytes, and the '8 glasses a day' myth

Hydration in adults — what AU dietary guidelines say about water intake, electrolytes, and the '8 glasses a day' rule, with sensible clinical framing.

Diet and chronic disease — ultra-processed food intake

Ultra-processed food: what the NOVA classification and BMJ 2024 actually show

Ultra-processed food and health — NOVA classification, BMJ 2024 umbrella review, Australian Dietary Guidelines, and what to do in general practice.

Fatigue

Why am I tired all the time? An Australian GP's workup for chronic fatigue

Why am I tired all the time? A clinical GP workup for persistent fatigue — red flags, history that matters, and the AU primary-tier tests.

Lifestyle foundations — the MERIT framework

MERIT — five lifestyle pillars an AU integrative GP returns to for every chronic condition: Movement, Eating, Rest, Inner calm, Toxin-free.